Ammonia dej: muab, mis thov

Tsis muaj kob roj nrog ib tug ntse tsw, ammonia NH ₃ tsis yog tsuas yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv dej nrog evolution ntawm tshav kub. Active tshuaj reacts nrog lub lwg me me ntawm H ₂ O tsim tau ib cov tsis muaj zog alkali. Cov tshuaj tau txais ob peb npe, ib tug ntawm lawv - ammonia dej. Cov compound muaj tsab zog, uas yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tshuaj tshua.

ammonium ion tsim

Formula ammonia dej - NH ₄ OH. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tam sim no ntawv NH _{4 ^+,} uas yog tsim nyob rau nonmetals - nitrogen thiab hydrogen. N atoms nyob rau hauv lub ammonia molecule yog siv los tsim covalent linkages ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb xwb 3 out of 5 ntawm lub txheej electrons, thiab ib tug khub tseem unclaimed. Cov xav polarized dej molecule hydrogen protons H ⁺ dim de txhua yam nrog rau oxygen, ib tug ntawm lawv ua ib tug pub leeg electron khub ntawm nitrogen (acceptor).

Tsim ib tug ammonium ion nrog ib tug zoo xwb thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb ntawm tsis muaj zog covalent daim ntawv cog lus - pub-acceptor. Rau nws loj, them nyiaj, thiab ib co lwm nta nws tsa lub poov tshuaj ntawv thiab behaves li ib tug alkali hlau. Txawv txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj compound reacts nrog acids txoj kev ntsev yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb. Npe, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tus yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem:

• ammonia dej;
• ammonium hydroxide;
• ammonia hydrate;
• caustic ammonia.

precautionary ntsuas

Care yuav tsum tau coj thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ammonia thiab nws cov derivatives. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov:

1. Ammonia dej muaj ib tug unpleasant tsw. Lub escaping roj irritates lub qhov ntswg mucosal nto ntawm lub qhov muag, ua hnoos.
2. Thaum khaws cia ammonia nyob rau hauv ib tug dim de kaw vials, ampoules tso ammonia.
3. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav ntes tau tsis seev, tsuas yog tsis hnov tsw txawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab huab cua.
4. Qhov ratio ntawm cov molecules thiab cations txawv txawv pH nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.
5. Nrog ib tug nqi ntawm txog 7 txo lub concentration ntawm tshuaj lom roj NH ₃ yog nce nqi tsawg teeb meem rau muaj sia nyob cations NH ₄ ⁺

Kev npaj ntawm ammonium hydroxide. lub zog

Thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej, tus ammonia tsim ammonia dej. Formula ntawm lub substance - NH ₄ OH, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ob ions yog tam sim no

NH ₄ ^+, OH ^-, molecules ntawm NH ₃ thiab H ₂ O. Lub ion pauv tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ammonia thiab dej, ib tug equilibrium lub xeev. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum reflected los rau hauv Circuit Court, nyob rau hauv uas lub oppositely qhia xib xub qhia lub reversibility ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory kev npaj ntawm ammonia dej yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thwmsim nrog nitrogen-muaj tebchaw. Thaum tov nrog ammonia dej muab ib tug ntshiab tsis muaj kob kua. Thaum siab pressures lub solubility ntawm cov roj qab. Dej ntev xa yaj nyob rau ntawd ammonia sov dua. Kom muaj lub hom phiaj thiab ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj scale muab 25 feem pua tshuaj thaum yaj ammonia. Qhov thib ob hom siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm coke cub gas nrog dej.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm ammonium hydroxide

Thaum hu tau rau lub ob kua - ammonia dej thiab hydrochloric acid - yog them los ntawm dawb pa luam yeeb clubs. Nws muaj hais ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khoom - ammonium tshuaj dawb. Nrog xws li ib tug volatile tshuaj xws li hydrochloric acid, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ncaj qha nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Tsawg-alkali ammonium hydroxide tshuaj zog:

1. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw reversibly dissociates nyob rau hauv dej rau ib tug ammonium ntawv thiab ib tug hydroxide ion.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm NH ₄ ⁺ ion, lub tsis muaj kob tshuaj phenolphthalein dyed nyob rau hauv magenta xim raws li nyob rau hauv alkalis.
3. Tshuaj neutralization nrog acid tau nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ammonium ntsev thiab dej: NH ₄ OH + HCl = NH ₄ Cl + H ₂ O.
4. Ammonia dej nkag mus rau hauv ion pauv tshuaj tiv thaiv uas lub hlau salts, uas sib tau tsis muaj zog los luj, li no txoj kev ua ib tug dej-insoluble hydroxide: 2NH ₄ OH + CuCl ₂ = 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ (xiav _{precipitate).}

Ammonia dej: daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Txawv txawv yam khoom uas yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, ua liaj ua teb, cov tshuaj thiab kev lag luam. Kev haus dej ammonia siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, dej qab zib tshauv, dyes thiab lwm yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub kua chiv muaj nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yooj yim digestible daim ntawv. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog xav tau cov uas pheej yig tshaj thiab zoo tshaj plaws rau xam nyob rau hauv lub pre-lub sij hawm rau tag nrho cov qoob loo.

Zus tau tej cov ammonia dej ntim peb lub sij hawm tsawg nyiaj tshaj rau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom granular nitrogen chiv. Rau cia thiab tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov kua thov hermetically kaw tso tsheb hlau luam yog hlau. Ib txhia hom xim tsev thiab cov cuab yeej rau cov plaub hau bleach uas siv ammonium hydroxide. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev kho mob preparations yog nrog ammonia - 10-feem pua ammonia tshuaj.

Ammonium ntsev: zog thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb

Tshuaj uas yog npaj los ntawm reacting ammonium hydroxide nrog acids, yog siv nyob rau hauv ua lag ua luam kev ua ub no. Ntsev decompose thaum rhuab, yaj mus rau hauv dej, raug hydrolysis. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov tswv yim muaj nuj nqis mas yuav kis tau chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, thiab ammonium carbonate.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua raws li cov kev cai thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntsuas, ua hauj lwm nrog tshuaj, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ammonium ion. Thaum muab cia rau hauv warehouses thiab coj mus muag ua liaj ua teb tuam txhab uas muag, liaj teb yuav tsum hu rau ntawm cov tebchaw nrog alkalis thiab txiv qaub. Yog hais tias leakproof tej pob khoom uas pib ib lub tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv uas qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshuaj lom roj. Tus neeg uas muaj mus ua hauj lwm nrog ammonia dej thiab ntsev ntawd, yuav tsum paub cov qauv rau kev Science News for KIDS. Nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog txoj kev ruaj ntseg uas yuav tsum tau cov ntaub ntawv siv yuav tsis ua mob rau cov neeg los yog cov ib puag ncig.