Anatomy ntawm tus tib neeg mandible. Topographical lub cev ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub Upper thiab qis jaws

Ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev muaj cov hniav. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug meej qauv thiab ua ib txog kev ua. Yuav ua li cas yog cov hniav yog ib lub txheej ntawm cov hniav? Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev ntawm cov mandible? Nyob rau hauv no thiab lwm yam teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov qauv ntawm cov hniav, peb yuav tsum to taub.

General ntaub ntawv hais txog hniav

Nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus tib neeg nyob rau hauv qhov ncauj txhua zaus yuav tsum yog los ntawm 28 mus 32 cov hniav. Lawv yog cov kev kawm tshwj xeeb, muaj ib tug complex qauv. Lub pom ib feem ntawm txhua tus hniav yog hu ua lub crown. Ib qho ntawm nws khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog dentin - nyuaj calcified cov khoom uas tsis muaj cov hlab ntsha. Los ntawm saum toj no nws yog coated hniav enamel. Nws ua raws li ib tug tiv thaiv txheej plhaub.

Cov thaum ib feem ntawm tus hniav - lub hauv paus. Nws yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug so ntawm lub jawbone, hu ua alveoli. Thaum lub hauv paus, dhau lawm, muaj dentin. Nws npog lub MAAs txheej los ntawm kev uas tus hniav yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub so ntawm lub puab tsaig. Pob Txha tsim sab hauv lub sis plawv hniav chamber yog muaj li ntawm qab haus huv, cov hlab ntsha thiab mos connective cov ntaub so ntswg.

Hom thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm cov hniav

Anatomy ntawm lub mandible thiab lub puab tsaig subdivides pob txha tsim, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav rau ntau hom:

• loj hauv paus (hniav puas);
• pem hauv ntej (incisors);
• conical (canines);
• premolars (premolars).

Hniav ua ob peb tseem ceeb functions. Firstly, lawv muab txhua yam ua zaub mov. Vim cov hniav neeg yuav siab haus cov zaub mov. Secondly, cov pob txha lug yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kev hais lus. Nrog lawv raug tsim suab sib txawv. Peb, cov hniav yog ib feem ntawm ib tug luag. Lawv ua si ib qho tseem ceeb aesthetic lub luag hauj lwm.

Koj yuav tau xaiv lub zog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg hniav. Cutters nyob rau ntawm lub hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, muab zaub mov slicing. Qhov no muaj txhawb rau lawv cov tiaj txaug ntsis. Canines muaj nuj nqi ntawm crushing thiab cuab tsiaj ntawm cov zaub mov, raws li lawv taw tes qhia conical zoo. Hniav puas thiab premolars yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo khoom noj khoom haus, vim hais tias lawv nto yog dav txaus.

Qhov chaw cov hniav nyob rau hauv lub puab tsaig

Lub cev ntawm lub Upper thiab qis puab tsaig dentition qhia tau hais tias cov pob txha tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm arcs, txhua tus uas muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ob sab (quadrant). Ib quadrant ntawm cov neeg laus tib neeg muaj 8 hniav:

• 3 hniav puas;
• 2 hniav;
• 1 Fang;
• 2 premolar.

Nyob rau hauv ib co neeg, cov hniav puas, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb kho hniav arches thiab hu ua "txoj kev txawj ntse hniav" uas ploj lawm. Txhua quadrant yog tau tsis 8, 7 thiab pob txha tag. Qhov uas tsis muaj "kev txawj ntse hniav" - yog kiag li ib txwm. Nyob rau hauv ib co neeg uas lawv txiav rau 24-26 xyoo thiab yuav tsum tau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub, thaum lwm tus neeg tsis tshwm sim.

sab sauv hniav puas

Raws li cov lub cev ntawm lub Upper thiab qis jaws, feem ntau complex morphological units yog dentition tib neeg hniav puas system. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv cov kev kho hniav koov qab lub premolars. Lub sab sauv lub puab tsaig 6 muaj hniav puas - 3 nrog ib tug hniav thiab lwm yam sab. Tshwj xeeb paub qhov txawv cov thawj, thib ob thiab thib peb loj hniav puas.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov loj hniav hauv paus - tus thawj sab sauv hniav puas. Nws yog trehkorennym. Deg hniav puas ntsib cov hniav ntawm tus txheem kab, nws daim ntawv tej zaum yuav square los yog pob zeb diamond-puab. Nws muaj ib tug protuberance 4 (tag nrho cov nram qab no nce faib grooves):

• distal-palatal;
• distal-buccal;
• nrub nrab-buccal;
• mesial-palatal.

Qhov thib ob sab sauv hniav puas sib txawv los ntawm tus thawj zom nto. Nyob rau nws nyob rau 30-40% ntawm cov neeg muaj 3 tubercle. Nyob rau hauv 5% ntawm cov neeg tshwm sim dvuhbugorkovy sab sauv hniav puas. Thaum hniav feem ntau yog muaj kev sib tw 3 cov hauv paus hniav. Tej zaum ob ntawm lawv loj hlob ua ke.

Qhov thib peb sab sauv hniav puas lub shortest yas. Zom nto tej zaum yuav trehbugorkovoy. Nyob rau hauv ib co neeg, qhov no hniav muaj 4 toj. Dvuhbugorkovaya daim ntawv yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj. Hniav puas yuav muaj 2, 3, thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Tej zaum kuj muaj yog ib tug fusion ntawm lawv.

Lub sab hniav puas

Tsis zoo li cov qis hniav puas ntawm lub sab sauv nws yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug crown. Nws yuav ua tau ib los yog pentagonal. Lwm yus feature ntawm lub sab hniav puas ntawm lub sab sauv - lub xov tooj ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Nyob rau hauv bony formations nyob rau hauv qab muaj 2 lub hauv paus.

Anatomy ntawm mandibular hniav puas yog raws li nram no:

1. Nyob rau hauv thawj hniav puas muaj ib tug distal, distal-lingual, buccal, distal, nrub nrab-lingual thiab mesial-buccal tubercles.
2. Thaum lub tom ntej no loj hniav puas tsis muaj distal tuberosity. Crown xam qhovkev chetyrehbugorkovy tsos.
3. Peb hniav puas, uas yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub hniav puas lub sab lub puab tsaig, 50% ntawm cov neeg muaj 4 hillocks, 40% - 5. Ntau tsawg heev peb- los yog shestibugorkovaya zom nto.

Lub sab sauv incisors

Pob Txha tsim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub sab sauv lub puab tsaig thiab muaj ib tug hauv paus, hu ua lub sab sauv incisors. Feem ntau, cov hniav 4 mus rau yuav - 2 2 thiab lub hauv paus sab. Txawm li cas los, cov kws kho mob yog nce ntsib nrog cov thawj edentulous (ploj lawm) ntawm lub sab sauv sab incisors. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov neeg raug noj zaub mov tawv. Cov zaub mov tom coj ib feem thiab lub hauv paus thiab sab incisors. Niaj hnub no, cov neeg noj softer zaub mov. Tam sim no rau tom cov zaub mov txaus quab yuam central incisors. Lateral hniav muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus load. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj yog lawv yuav txo tau.

Lub crown ntawm lub hauv paus incisors dav. Nyob rau hauv lub medio-distal kev taw qhia, nws dav yog hais txog 8-9 hli. Nrog kev xav txog cov vestibular saum npoo nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub qaum incisors nws mas nws txawv. Anatomy ntawm lub qis lub puab tsaig thiab lub hniav ntawd hais tias:

• sab sauv central hniav tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug duab plaub, ib tug daim duab peb sab;
• ib co neeg zoo ntawm sab sauv incisors yog chim-zoo li tus;
• sab sauv sab hniav feem ntau yog xam qhovkev voos los yog chim lawm.

Palatal nto ntawm lub sab sauv incisors tej zaum yuav tiaj tus, uniformly concave duav (noctuoidea). Nws tsos nyob rau raws li ntawm cov nrub nrab thiab distal marginal ridges extending ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub crown mus rau lub ces kaum ntawm lub txiav npoo ntawm cov hniav. Tej ntug ntawm tej ntug yog nestershihsya khoov rau ob sab - kinks thiab ua pob. Qhov no ripple disappears li cov hniav ua tau hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.

qis incisors

Tus me tshaj cov hniav nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, raws li cov topographical lub cev ntawm lub mandible yog qis incisors. Lawv yog cov ua tsis tau zoo incisors nyob rau hauv nws me me, yog nyob rau hauv lub Upper dentition. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom noj raskusyvaniya hauv qab cov hniav ua koom haum pab zog.

Nyob rau hauv qis puab tsaig 4 cov txheej txheem cutter - 2 2 thiab lub hauv paus sab. Lub hauv paus hniav tej zaum yuav muaj ib lub los yog ovoid vestibular nto. Nyob rau hauv lub sab incisors nws muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ceskaum daim duab peb sab muaj ib lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub txiav ntug thiab rau sab saum toj qhov twg lub caj dab ntawm tus hniav nyob.

Lub lingual nto lub sab incisors yog tus, concave. Daim ntawv no voos. Nrog cov npoo ntawm cov lingual chaw ntawm lub sab hniav yog distal thiab mesial marginal ridges. Lawv yog cov tsawg tsim dua rau hauv lub Upper incisors. Peb nyuam qhuav erupted hniav tej ntug yog sinuous. Lub pob yog kom meej meej pom. Zuj zus lawv ploj. Tej ntug yuav du.

Lub sab sauv canines

Topographical lub cev ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub Upper thiab qis jaws muaj cov tshuaj ntsuam canines qauv. Qhov no loj pob txha tsim kho hniav system muaj ib tug haib thiab ntev hauv paus thiab yas odnobugorkovuyu. Xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov sab sauv hniav vim lub zog lawv ua.

Lub sab sauv canines nyob rau hauv qhov chaw dabtsi yog khoov rau sab qaum kev kho hniav koov los ntawm pem hauv ntej rau nram qab. Vestibular yas nto xam qhovkev pob zeb diamond zoo. Thiab lies nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cov menyuam, tseem hu ua lub central mamelon. Nyob rau hauv ib co neeg nws yog zoo pom, thaum lwm tus neeg - NW nyuam qhuav hais. Nws xaus nrog ib tug nruab nrab cov menyuam tearing toj, uas yog lub hallmark ntawm lub canines. Nrog cov npoo ntawm lub crown yog tseem sab mamelons - mesial thiab distal. Lawv tsim lub sab ntsej muag tuberosity.

Palatal chaw rau canines yog me ntsis convex thiab embossed. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev me nyuam cheeb tsam pom ib tug me me ib lub menyuam pob. Los ntawm nws sab ntawm lub ntsiab toj sau midline caj. Nyob rau sab koj yuav paub distal thiab mesial marginal ridges. Lawv cuag los ntawm lub crown kaum sab xis palatal tubercles.

plab hniav

Ntau nqaim thiab elongated yas, tsawg loj heev - cov yam ntxwv txawv sab sauv los ntawm sab canines. Txawm li cas los, tus qauv muaj ntsis zoo ib hniav. Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov hniav ntawm lub sab sauv thiab sab puab tsaig, peb yuav pom tias lub crown muaj ib pob zeb diamond zoo. Tsuas no nyob rau lub sab saum toj ntawm lub sab hniav nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub rhombus tearing tubercle nws yog ntau flattened, truncated.

Feem ntau cov neeg saib convex canine mandible. Anatomy yog piav los ntawm lub fact tias cov middle menyuam txuas rau raws vestibular nto yog expressed zoo txaus. Lub sab bolsters yog feem ntau tsis tshua pom. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv ib co neeg lub vestibular nto ntawm cov hniav muaj ib tug flattened zoo. Qhov nruab nrab rau cov menyuam nyob rau hauv xws li mob yog tsawg pronounced.

Lub nyem ntawm qhov lingual nto lub sab canines heev meager. Nyob rau nws nyob rau hauv lub tsev me nyuam cheeb tsam muaj ib lingual cusp. Nws merges ntseeg nkaws nrog lub ntsiab caj xaus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab feem peb ntawm cov lingual nto. Nrog cov npoo ntawm lub crown pom marginal ridges.

sab sauv premolars

Nyob rau hauv lub puab tsaig tus neeg muaj premolar 4 - 2 me me hniav puas rau txhua sab. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm cov kev kho hniav koov, kev noj lub 4 thiab 5 txoj haujlwm. Premolars, raws li evidenced los ntawm lub cev ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub Upper thiab qis puab tsaig, ua ib tug pab muaj nuj nqi thaum lub sij hawm Machining zaub mov. Lawv crushed thiab pulverized ua hauj lwm cov khoom noj khoom haus.

Paub qhov txawv ntawm tus thawj thiab thib ob sab sauv premolars. Tus thawj premolar muaj ib tug crown prismatic zoo tej zaum yuav ob los sis tib lub hauv paus. Nyob rau occlusal nto yog tam sim no tubercle 2 - buccal thiab palatal. Qhov ib yog, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tus loj dua cov thiab ntau dua. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog intertubercular furrow. Nrog cov npoo ntawm lub crown yog marginal ridges.

Qhov thib ob sab sauv premolar muaj tshuam tib cov qauv. tsuas yog ob peb txawv lwm cov yam ntxwv yuav qhia tau:

• hniav feem ntau muaj ib tug hauv paus kwj dej thiab ib tug hauv paus;
• ntsis smoother struts;
• zom nais muaj yuav luag tib lub qhov siab;
• sab ridges yog underdeveloped.

qis premolars

Lub sab me me hniav puas, tsis zoo li kab me, ntev ib cov hauv paus hniav thiab yas npawv zoo nyob rau hauv kab rov tav seem. Cov neeg uas paub cov lub cev lub sab lub puab tsaig hniav, paub qhov txawv ntawm tus thawj thiab thib ob qis premolars, me ntsis txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv.

Tus thawj tug yog zoo li tus canine. Cov hniav zoo li crowns. Txawm li cas los, bicuspid, tsis zoo li canines, muaj cov 2 hillocks rau lub zom nto. Tus thawj ntawm no yog hu ua tus buccal, thiab lub thib ob - lingual. Faib pob intertubercular furrow. Rau ntau tus neeg, nws yog tu ncua los ntawm ib tug nruab nrab transverse zuag.

Ob txhais premolar, raws li evidenced los ntawm tib neeg lub cev lub sab lub puab tsaig yog me ntsis loj tshaj lub ua ntej. Zom nto dvuhbugorkovoy. Tej zaum nrhiav tau 3 thiab txawm 4 tubercle. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub bicuspid muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus transverse furrow nrog kawg ramifications. Hauv paus ob premolar yog ntev tshaj li qhov ua ntej.

Yog li, cov hniav uas lub Upper thiab qis puab tsaig, qauv, lub cev ntawm cov ntsiab - ib tug yooj yim tab sis nthuav lub ntsiab lus. Txhua pob txha tsim tsim los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov ntaub so ntswg muaj nws tus kheej cov hlab ntsha thiab tshee apparatus. hniav qauv yog heev yooj yim, vim hais tias nws nyob rau lub zog lawv ua.