Dzhon Neper: Phau ntawv sau txog nws lub neej. Dzhon Neper yees?

Dzhon Neper (duab nws portrait muab tso rau tom qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) - Scottish mathematician, txawj sau ntawv thiab theologian. Nws tau koob meej los ntawm kev tsim lub tswvyim ntawm logarithms raws li ib tug lej ntaus ntawv mus rau pab nyob rau hauv cov lus teb.

Dzhon Neper: biography

Yug nyob rau hauv 1550 nyob rau hauv Merchiston Tsev fuabtais, nyob ze Edinburgh (Scotland), tus tub ntawm Sir Archibald Napier thiab Dzhenet Botuell. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 13 xyoo, John cuv npe kawm nyob rau University of St Andrews, tab sis nws nyob muaj tej zaum luv luv-nyob, thiab nws sab laug yam tsis muaj ib tug kawm ntawv qib siab.

Hais txog Napier thaum ntxov lub neej me ntsis yog paub, tab sis nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws cov kwv tij txawv teb chaws, raws li yog ib txoj kev cai ntawm cov me tub me nyuam lub Scottish nobility. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv 1571 nws twb rov qab los tsev thiab siv tus so ntawm nws lub neej yog nyob rau hauv Merchiston, los yog Gartnesse. Cov nram qab no xyoo, Dzhon Neper coj mus tus poj niam Elizabeth Stirling, uas tau muab yug tau ib tug tub thiab ib tug ntxhais. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag nyob rau hauv 1579 Napier sib yuav nws tus viv ncaus Agnes. Ob txhais sib yuav sib yuav ob peb kaum, cov tub thiab cov ntxhais sib npaug. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Napier txiv nyob rau hauv 1608, nws thiab nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Merchiston Tsev fuabtais nyob rau hauv Edinburgh, qhov uas nws tseem mus txog rau thaum nws tuag.

Kawn txog kev ntseeg thiab invention

Lub neej Dzhona Nepera coj qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm mob cov kev cai dab qhuas strife. Passionate thiab uncompromising Protestant kev sib raug zoo nrog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Rome, nws twb tsis nrhiav rau favors thiab tsis koom nyob rau hauv kev siab hlub. Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias King James VI ntawm Scotland tau cia siab rau lub accession ntawm Elizabeth kuv mus rau lub English zwm txwv, thiab nws tau xav tias hais tias nws nrhiav kev pab los ntawm lub Catholic Philip II, King ntawm Spain, uas lub hom phiaj no tau tiav. Lub General rooj sib tham ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Scotland, uas yog zoo txuas Napier, nug tus huab tais mus tua cov Catholics, thiab John peb lub sij hawm, los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub pawg neeg, uas qhia rau tus vaj ntxwv hais txog tus welfare ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab sim mus hais rau nws hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los rau kev ncaj ncees tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Vajtswv lub tsev teev ntuj.

tsab ntawv mus rau tus huab tais

Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1594 Dzhon Neper thov rau tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Scotland nrog ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws "Ib tug yooj yim piav qhia ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshwm sim ntawm St. John" twb formulated. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm, uas yog yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis scientific xwm tau raug kwv yees li hais tias, kom ua kawm cov txheej xwm. Nws Napier sau tias: "Cia cov transformation ntawm lub tuam enormity ntawm koj lub teb chaws yuav tsum yog lub qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm koj Majesty, thiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, Koj Majesty tus kheej lub tsev, lub tsev neeg thiab cov tsev hais plaub, thiab ua txoj kev theej txhoj rau lawv los ntawm tag nrho cov suspicion ntawm papism, atheism thiab neutrality, uas yog kev tshwm sim kwv yees tias lawv cov xov tooj yuav tsum nce ho nyob rau hauv hnub nyoog kawg no. "

Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog featured prominently nyob rau hauv lub Scottish lub tsev teev ntuj keeb kwm.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm riam phom

Tom qab tus ntawv ntawm "tej yam yooj yim piav" nws nkawd tau pib ua tsis pub leejtwg paub riam phom ua tsov ua rog. Cov ntawv sau sau, tam sim no tsis muaj tsev nyob ntawm Lambeth Palace nyob rau hauv London, muaj ib daim ntawv uas kos npe rau los ntawm Dzhon Neper. Uas invented lub Scottish mathematician tseeb los ntawm daim ntawv teev cov pab kiag li lawm tsim "los ntawm Vajtswv qhov kev hlub thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm masters" los mus tiv thaiv lawv lub teb chaws. Ntawm lawv yog cov ob hom ntawm caws nplaum tsom iav, ib feem ntawm ib tug artillery daim thiab ib tug hlau chariot, los ntawm uas koj yuav ua tau txhaj tshuaj los ntawm qhov me me.

Txoj kev koom tes rau kev kawm txog zauv

Dzhon Neper xyoo ntawm nws lub neej mob siab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, nyob rau hauv particular, tus creation ntawm txoj kev mus pab txhawb lub xam, tus naas ej uas yog cov qauv ntawm cov logarithms, uas niaj hnub no bears lub npe ntawm nws creator. Nws pib ua hauj lwm rau nws, tej zaum raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1594, maj mam tsim ib lub computer system nyob rau hauv uas cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov khoom thiab cov quotient ntawm cov zauv yuav ua sai sai xam siv tus nqi rooj yog ib tug tsau xov tooj uas yog siv raws li lub hauv paus.

Nws pab mus rau qhov no haib zauv cuab tam yog piav nyob rau hauv ob treatises: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( «hauj lwm zoo kawg nkaus canon ntawm logarithms"), luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1614, raws li tau zoo raws li Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio ( «Tsim zoo canon ntawm logarithms"), uas yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv ob xyoo tom qab tus sau tus tuag. Nyob rau hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb no nws tau piav Scottish mathematician cov kauj ruam uas coj mus rau nws tsim muaj.

piv xam

Logarithms twb mus piv rau lub xam, nyob rau hauv particular multiplication, uas yog tsim nyog rau astronomy. Napier nrhiav tau hais tias lub hauv paus rau qhov no xam yog tus sib raug zoo ntawm xam kom vam meej - ib theem zuj zus tus xov tooj, txhua tus uas yog xam los ntawm geometric kev vam meej nyob rau hauv ua ntej txawj nws los ntawm ib tug tas mus li qhov zoo tshaj yuav loj dua 1 (e.g., ua ntu zus 2, 4, 8, 16 ...), los yog tsawg tshaj li 1 (e.g., 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2 ...).

Nyob rau hauv Descriptio, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus piav txog qhov xwm ntawm logarithms, Dzhon Neper twb tas rau qhia lawv qhov chaw ntawm kev siv. Nws cog lus tseg rau piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov lawv siv nyob rau hauv lub tom qab ua hauj lwm. Nws yog Constructio, uas tsim nyog cov xim ntawm lub systematic siv ntawm tus zauv point cais cov fractional ib feem ntawm tus xov tooj los ntawm tag nrho cov. Decimals tau xa los ntawm lub Flemish engineer thiab mathematician Simon Stevin nyob rau hauv 1586, tab sis nws cim yog cumbersome. Nyob rau hauv Constructio ntau pab raws li ib tug separator point. Swiss mathematician Joost Burgi nyob rau hauv 1603-1611 xyoo, tsis hais txog ntawm lub Scottish mathematician yees nws tus kheej system ntawm logarithms, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1620. Tab sis Napier ua hauj lwm rau lawv ua ntej Burgi thiab feem tau muab rau nws vim hais tias ntawm ib tug ua ntej lawm cov ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv 1614.

Rabdologiya thiab trigonometry

Txawm hais tias invention ntawm logarithms los ntawm John Napier eclipses tag nrho nws lwm yam tej hauj lwm, ntawm nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev kawm txog zauv tsis tag. Nyob rau hauv 1617 nws luam tawm nws Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis ib Virgulas Libri Duo ( «Rabdologiya los yog ob tug account phau ntawv uas muaj kev pab los ntawm sticks", 1667), nyob rau hauv uas nws piav txog tus thawj txoj kev ntawm kev ua lej khu thiab lej faib nyob rau hauv me me oblong rods sib cais los ntawm transverse kab rau lub 9 squares muab tso rau hauv lawv cov xov tooj. Cov pab kiag li lawm yog rau cov account, lub npe hu ua Napier lub rods yog cov forerunner ntawm tus swb txoj cai.

Nws kuj tau ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau kheej kheej trigonometry, nyob rau hauv particular los ntawm kev txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov equations uas siv los qhia trigonometric kev sib raug zoo, ntawm kaum ob tug. Nws yog tseem muaj nqi trigonometric qauv zoo xws li cov Napier, tab sis nws yog yuav hais tias cov lus Askiv mathematician Henry Briggs kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kos lawv.

Dzhon Neper tuag rau hnub tim 4, 1617 nyob rau hauv Merchiston tsev fuabtais.