Finno-Ugric neeg: keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Cov neeg ntawm lub Finno-Ugric ethno-lus pab pawg neeg

Finno-Ugric lus yog hais txog niaj hnub Finnish thiab Hungarian. Cov neeg uas hais lus rau lawv, ua li cov Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic pab pawg neeg. Lawv cov keeb kwm, tos hauv cheeb tsam, qhov sib thooj thiab sib txawv nyob rau hauv lwm cov nqe lus, kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg thiab kev cai - kev kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov keeb kwm, anthropology, geography, lug, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam sciences. Luv luv ntsiab lub ntsiab lus no sim no los xyuas tsab xov xwm.

Haiv neeg muaj nyob rau hauv Finnish-Ugric pab pawg neeg ethnolinguistic

Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm sib thooj ntawm cov lus, tus neeg tshawb fawb qhia Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub tsib tej pab pawg.

Lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj ntawm cov Baltic thiab Finnish, yog Finns thiab Estonians - cov neeg, muaj lawv tus kheej lub xeev. Lawv nyob zoo nyob rau hauv Russia. Seth - ib tug me me pab pawg neeg ntawm Estonians - tuaj nyob rau hauv lub Pskov cheeb tsam. Qhov tseem heev heev ntawm lub Baltic thiab Finnish neeg Russia - Karelia. Nyob rau hauv tsev lawv siv peb hauv paus txawm dialects, thaum cov zajlus yam lus uas lawv tau hais tias yuav Finnish. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, mus rau tib pab pawg yog Vepsians thiab Izhors - me me haiv neeg uas tau tseg lawv yam lus thiab VOD (lawv muaj tsawg tshaj li ib puas neeg poob lawv cov lus) thiab Livs.

Ob - Sami (los yog Lapps) pab pawg. Lub ib thooj ntawm cov neeg uas tau muab nws ib lub npe, nyob Scandinavia. Lavxias teb sab Saami nyob rau hauv lub Kola ceg av qab teb. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm cov neeg nyob ntau lub teb chaws, tab sis tom qab uas tau tsav rov qab mus rau sab qaum teb. Ces muaj ib lub muab los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov lus, yog ib lub Finnish dialects.

Qhov thib peb pab pawg tivthaiv ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg - Volga-Finnish - Mari thiab muaj xws li Mordvinians. Mari - lub ib thooj ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El, lawv kuj nyob rau hauv Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia thiab txawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam. Lawv qhia hais tias ob tug txawj lus (uas, li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua txhua soj ntsuam pom zoo). Mordvinians - hauv paus txawm pej xeem ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mordovia; nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm Mordvins tswm thoob plaws Russia. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws no - ob pawg haiv neeg, txhua yam uas nws tus kheej tej kev sau ntawv sau lus.

Qhov thib plaub pab pawg no yog hu ua cov Permian. Nws muaj xws li Komi, Komi-Perm, thiab Udmurt. Ua ntej kaum hli ntuj 1917 lub theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv (tab sis yog, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab) Komi cuag lub feem ntau educated neeg ntawm Guj kuj - Lavxias teb sab cov neeg Yudais thiab Germans. Nrog kev xav txog cov Udmurt, lawv lub suab hais lus tseem muaj nyob rau feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm cov Udmurt koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv tib lub zos, yuav tsis nco qab thiab hauv paus txawm hais lus, thiab kev lis kev cai.

Los ntawm lub thib tsib, Ugric, pab pawg muaj xws li Hungarians, Khanty thiab Mansi. Txawm hais tias sab nce mus txog ntawm lub ob thiab Severnyy Ural cais los ntawm lub Hungarian lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub Danube ntau ntawm kilometers, cov neeg no yeej yog cov ze tshaj txheeb ze. Khanty thiab Mansi yog me me haiv neeg ntawm lub North.

Tu noob Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg

Los ntawm Finno-Ugric haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg muaj kev txhawj xeeb, siv uas yog tam sim no fwm xwb nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, Meria neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub Volga thiab cov Oka nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab AD - muaj ib tug kev tshawb xav hais tias nws twb tom qab merged nrog cov sab hnub tuaj Slavs.

Cov tib yam tshwm sim nrog Moore. Qhov no yog - txawm ntau ancient cov neeg ntawm Finno-Ugric ethno-lus pab pawg neeg, ib zaug inhabited Oka pas dej ua ke.

Nws tau ntev tau tu noob Finnish pab pawg neeg nyob raws tus dej Onega thiab Northern Dvina, tus neeg tshawb fawb hu ua Chud (raws li ib tug hypothesis, lawv yog cov pog koob yawg koob niaj hnub Estonians).

Ib tug ntau hom lus thiab kab lis kev cai

Tshaj tawm lub Finno-Ugric lus raws li ib pab pawg neeg, tus neeg tshawb fawb qhia hais tias lub zej zog raws li ib tug loj tshaj uas koom siab ua ke cov neeg uas hais lus rau lawv. Txawm li cas los Ural pawg haiv neeg, txawm kev zoo sib thooj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm lawv cov lus, tseem to taub txhua lwm yam tsis yeej ib txwm. Yog li ntawd, Finn, ntawm chav kawm, yuav tau piav rau cov Estonian, erzyanin - nrog mokshaninom thiab Udmurtia - Komi. Txawm li cas los, qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm haiv neeg thaj nyuag nyob deb los ntawm txhua lwm yam, yuav tsum tau ua ib tug ntau ntawm kev rau siab mus qhia nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej cov lus zoo sib xws uas yuav pab tau lawv muaj ib tug kev sib tham.

Kwm kinship ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg yuav tsum havzoov feem ntau rau cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov lus lug. Qhov no ho muaj feem xyuam rau cov tsim ntawm txoj kev xav thiab lub ntiaj teb no saib cov haiv neeg. Dua li ntawm qhov sib txawv haiv neeg, qhov no fact txhawb rau ib tug kev sib nrig sib to taub ntawm haiv neeg.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug zoo ntawm psychology, vim tus xav li cas cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv cov lus enriches cov universal kab lis kev cai ntawm lawv cov cim zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Yog li, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Indo-European, Finno-Ugric neeg inclined nrog hwm rau exceptional xwm. Finno-Ugric kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects kuj pab mus rau lub siab xav ntawm cov neeg no yuav tau kho peacefully cov neeg zej zog - lawv feem ntau nyiam tsis txhob sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis rau migrate thaum khaws cia lawv yog leejtwg tiag.

Tsis tas li ntawd cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg no pab pawg neeg - lub qhib siab dawb paug rau haiv neeg thiab kev cai interchange. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb rau txoj kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm haiv neeg lawv muaj kev cai tiv tauj nrog tag nrho cov neeg uas nyob ib ncig lawv. Yeej, tus Finno-Ugric haiv neeg muaj kev tswj kom khaws cia lawv cov lus, qhov yooj yim kev cai lub ntsiab. Kev sib txuas lus nrog lwm haiv neeg kab li kev cai nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws zaj nkauj, seev cev, suab paj nruag, tsoos zaub mov, khaub ncaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tau dim ntau yam ntawm lawv ancient ceremonies: kab tshoob, kev pam tuag, memorial.

Ib nyuag Keeb kwm ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab thaum ntxov keeb kwm ntawm lub Finno-Ugric neeg rau hnub no tseem yog ib tug kawm ntawm scientific sib cav tswv yim. Ntawm cov soj ntsuam ntawm feem ntau lug ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm muaj ib tug yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg, hais tib yam Finno-Ugric proto-hom lus. Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm peb Millennium BC. e. khaws cia txheeb ze sib sau. Lawv tsawm nyob rau hauv lub Urals thiab Western Urals cheeb tsam, thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau hauv ib co chaw surrounding.

Nyob rau hauv hais tias era, hu ua lub Finno-Ugric thiab lawv tsev neeg nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub Indo-Iranians, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv myths xwb thiab hom lus. Nruab nrab ntawm lub thib peb thiab thib ob millennia BC. e. sib cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab Finnish ugric Perm-ceg. Ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub yav tas, uas hais nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob cov kev taw qhia, maj mam sawv tawm thiab los ua cais ywj siab pab pawg ntawm cov lus (cov Baltic-Finnish, Finnish-Volga, Perm). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm lub hauv paus txawm pej xeem ntawm lub Far North rau ntawm ib lub Finno-Ugric Sami adverbs tsim.

Ugric pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus phua rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kuv txhiab BC. e. Lub division ntawm lub Baltic-Finnish tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm peb era. Perm ntawd kub ntev li ntev me ntsis - kom txog rau thaum lub yim caug xyoo. Ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cais kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus tau ua si cov neeg uas Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg, nrog rau cov Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, Germanic haiv neeg.

Lub ib ncig ntawm lub zos

Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv peb hnub feem ntau nyob rau hauv North-Western teb chaws Europe. Ib thaj nyuag, lawv tsawm rau lub loj heev lub teb chaws los ntawm Scandinavia mus rau lub Urals, lub Volga-Kama cheeb tsam, lub qis thiab theem nrab Tobol. Hungarians - tsuas yog cov neeg ntawm Finno-Ugric ethno-lus pab pawg neeg, uas tsim nyob rau lawv tus kheej lub xeev sib nrug los ntawm lwm yam txhua xeem neeg cov pab pawg neeg - nyob rau hauv lub Carpathian-Danube cheeb tsam.

Tus nab npawb ntawm cov Finno-Ugric haiv neeg

Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas txawj hais lus Uralic lus (qhov no muaj xws li cov Finno-Ugric nrog Samoyed), yog 23-24 lab. Qhov tseem heev heev yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Hungarians. Lawv yog cov lub ntiaj teb no tus ntau tshaj li 15 lab tus tib neeg. Lawv yog ua raws li los ntawm cov Finns thiab Estonians (5 thiab 1 lab, ntsig txog). Feem ntau lwm Finno-Ugric Ib pawg haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia.

Finno-Ugric Ib pawg haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Russia

Lavxias teb sab settlers vam en masse rau lub teb chaws ntawm Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub XVI-XVIII centuries. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus txheej txheem ntawm hauv lawv nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw coj qhov chaw peacefully, tab sis ib txhia hauv paus txawm haiv neeg (eg, Mari) ntev thiab fiercely tsis kam ua lub accession ntawm lub ntug mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab xeev.

Cov Christian ntseeg, kev sau ntawv, nroog kab lis kev cai, adscititious Lavxias teb sab, nws thiaj li pib hloov lub zos cov ntseeg thiab cov adverbs. Cov neeg tau tsiv mus rau lub nroog, tsiv mus rau Siberia thiab cov Altai av - nyob qhov twg lub ntsiab thiab cov lus yog Lavxias teb sab. Txawm li cas los, nws (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov sab qaum teb lub suab hais lus) tau absorbed ib tug ntau ntawm cov Finno-Ugric lo lus - feem ntau notably ntawd nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm qhov chaw npe thiab cov npe ntawm tej yam ntuj tso phenomena.

Qhov chaw ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg ntawm Russia tov nrog Turks, hloov dua siab tshiab rau Islam. Txawm li cas los, ntau ntawm nws tseem tau assimilated Lavxias teb sab. Yog li ntawd, cov haiv neeg yeej tsis ua li feem ntau - txawm nyob rau hauv cov republics tias dais lawv lub npe.

Txawm li cas los, raws li cov kev suav pej xeem nyob rau hauv 2002, nyob rau hauv Russia muaj heev loj nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg. Nws Mordvinians (843 txhiab tus neeg), Udmurts (yuav luag 637,000), Mari (604 000), Komi haiv neeg (293,000), lub Komi-Permian (125 txhiab), Karels (93,000). Tus nab npawb ntawm ib txhia neeg tsis pub tshaj peb caug txhiab tus neeg: lub Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors nyiaj rau 327 cov neeg, thiab cov neeg ntawm VOD - tsuas yog 73 cov neeg. Lawv nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saami.

Kev loj hlob ntawm Finno-Ugric kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv Russia

Kaum ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia. Tsib ntawm lawv muaj lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws xeev tsim, tab sis ob tug - lub teb chaws thiab hwv. Tus so tswm dispersed thoob plaws lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv Russia devotes loj xim rau cov preservation ntawm tsoos kev cai qhia tias yog leejtwg lub inhabitants ntawm lub haiv neeg. Thaum lub teb chaws thiab lub zos theem, cov kev pab cuam yog tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm uas kawm kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg, lawv kev lis kev cai thiab dialects.

Yog li ntawd, Sami, Khanty, Mansi yog qhia nyob rau hauv thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian lus - nyob rau hauv theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam, qhov chaw uas muaj cov loj loj pawg ntawm lub duas paub haiv neeg. Muaj cai nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai, lus (Mari-El, Komi). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Karelia, txoj cai rau kev kawm ntawv, tsim muaj txoj cai ntawm lub Veps thiab Karelian qhia nyob rau hauv lawv haiv neeg cov lus. Qhov muaj feem thib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev cai cov kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Act lub sij lub kab lis kev cai.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, nyob rau hauv lub Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Cheeb Tsam nws muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim thiab lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob cov kev pab cuam. Tsim thiab ua hauj lwm kev loj hlob Fund haiv neeg ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg (nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El).

Finno-Ugric neeg: tsos

Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg muaj tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws paleoevropeyskih thiab Paleo-Asiatic pab pawg neeg. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg ntawm no pab pawg neeg muaj ob leeg nyob sab Europe thiab Mongoloid nta. Ib txhia kws tshawb fawb tau txawm ntau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cais haiv neeg - lub Urals, yog "intermediate" ntawm Europeans thiab Asians, tab sis qhov no version muaj ib tug ob peb los ntawm UFW.

Lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg yog ua kev nyob rau hauv anthropological cov ntsiab lus uas. Txawm li cas los, tus yam ntxwv "Ural" nta nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm muaj tej tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg. Nws yog ib, raws li ib tug txoj cai, medium qhov siab, ib lub teeb heev cov plaub hau xim, "snub" qhov ntswg, sab ntsej muag, es nyias hwj txwv. Tab sis cov no cov yam ntxwv yog manifested nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, Mordvins-Erzya - siab, uas tuav daj hau thiab xiav ob lub qhov muag. Mordvins-Moksha - nyob rau tsis tooj, luv, high-cheeked, nrog ib tsos tsaus tsawv cov plaub hau. Lub Udmurts thiab Mari tsis tshua muaj tshwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Mongol," lub qhov muag nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb quav ntawm lub puab ces kaum ntawm lub qhov muag - epicanthus sab heev ntsej muag, ib lub kua hwj txwv. Tab sis, thaum lawv cov plaub hau no feem ntau yog daj thiab liab, thiab nws ob lub qhov muag - xiav, los yog txho, uas yog raug rau lub Europeans, tab sis tsis yog tus Mongoloids. "Mongolian quav 'kuj pom nyob rau hauv Izhora, Votes, Karel thiab txawm Estonians. Komi zoo sib txawv. Qhov twg muaj mixed sib yuav nrog tus Nenets, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws no kev zawm hniav thiab dub-haired. Lwm yam Komi, rau lwm cov tes, tshwm sim ntau ib yam li cov Scandinavians, tab sis ntau broad-faced.

Finno-Ugric tsoos cuisine nyob rau hauv Russia

Feem ntau ntawm cov tais diav rau ntawm cov tsoos cuisine ntawm lub Finno-Ugric neeg ntawm lub Urals thiab Trans-Urals, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj tsis tau fwm los yog tau siv khoom misstated. Txawm li cas los, ethnographers tswj lw ib co kev cov qauv.

Ntses yog lub ntsiab lub khoom ntawm lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg lub hwj chim. Nws yog tsis tsuas kho nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev (grilled, vyalili, brewed, brew, qhuav, noj nyoos), tab sis kuj npaj kom txhua tus hom nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev, uas yuav zoo dua conveyed saj.

Ua ntej lub advent ntawm rab phom lub ntsiab txoj kev yos hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov kuj yog ib tug snare. Peb ntes tau mas hav zoov noog (grouse, grouse) thiab me me kev ua si, mas luav. Nqaij thiab nqaij qaib stewed, hau thiab ci, ntau tsawg - kib.

Zaub siv turnips thiab radishes, tshuaj ntsuab - loj hlob zaub dej nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, nyuj parsnip, dib qaub, dos, cov tub ntxhais goutweed. Western Finno-Ugric haiv neeg tsis yog noj nceb; nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau cov sab hnub tuaj, lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov khoom noj. Lub earliest hom grain paub tias cov neeg - barley thiab hom qoob mog (spelled). Los ntawm lawv npaj porridge, kub jellies thiab toppings rau qhob hnyuv ntxwm.

Niaj hnub nimno ua noj repertoire ntawm lub Finno-Ugric neeg muaj heev ob peb teb chaws yam ntxwv, raws li tau tau pab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash thiab lwm yam cuisines. Txawm li cas los, yuav luag txhua txhua lub teb chaws twb dim ib tug los yog ob tug tsoos, ceremonial los yog celebratory zaub mov noj uas muaj ciaj. Nyob rau hauv sum, lawv muab ib tug general tswv yim ntawm cov Finno-Ugric ua noj ua haus.

Finno-Ugric haiv neeg: kev ntseeg

Feem ntau ntawm cov Finno-Ugric haiv neeg muaj lub Christian txoj kev ntseeg. Finns, Estonians thiab Western Lapps yog Lutheran. Ntawm cov Hungarians yeej los ntawm Catholics, txawm hais tias koj yuav tau raws li lub Calvinists thiab Lutherans.

Lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia, - feem ntau Orthodox ntseeg. Txawm li cas los, Udmurt thiab Mari neeg muaj kev tswj kom tau khaws cia ancient qhov chaw (animistic) kev ntseeg, thiab Samoyed haiv neeg thiab lub inhabitants ntawm Siberia - shamanism.