Institution los yog chaw ua hauj lwm - yuav ua li cas sau ntawv?

Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txhais lus muaj txaus ntau paub cov ntsiab lus, thaum sau ntawv uas tsis uas yog ua tau. Piv txwv li, raws li nws yog sau: lub tsev lag luam los yog lub tsev kawm ntawv? Qhov twg puas tau lo lus no? Thiab yog dab tsi yog nws txhais li cas? Yuav ua li cas? Tsim los lub tsev kawm ntawv? Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zoo teb lo lus nug no, peb yuav tsum rov qab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus

Tsim - ib lo lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Nws yog ib tug hais lus noun muab los ntawm lub "set" (uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav muaj li ntawm cov prefix y- thiab qub Slavonic series, queue). Yog li ntawd nws yog, muaj ib tug khiav tawm hauv tsev ntawv e!

Thaum lub sij hawm, muaj ib lo lus "lub tsev kawm ntawv" - raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj tej yam powers.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub tsev

Cov hauj lwm tsoom fwv lub koom haum - cov chaw ua hauj lwm uas sau tej ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem txaus siab. Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm pej xeem hauv tsev yuav ntshai li lub Tax Chaw ua hauj lwm.

Kev tsav tsheb kiag lub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib tug department uas yog nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos. Piv txwv ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos cov koom haum yuav tsum tau hu ua tsev kawm ntawv.

txhais

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub Lavxias teb sab-lus synonymous nrog cov nqe lus "lub tsev kawm ntawv", los yog "lub tsev kawm ntawv", nws yog ib lub koom haum, lub tsev kawm ntawv, pej xeem qhov chaw, chaw ua hauj lwm. Hais tias lawv yuav hloov los ntawm ib tug complex "lub tsev kawm ntawv" nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv.

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"Institution" los yog "tsev" yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus? Tom qab tag nrho, cov lus no yog tsis pov thawj. Nws yuav zoo li uas peb cov lus tsis tso ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm consonants nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm cov lo lus - yog li qhov ntau feem ntau koj hnov lo lus "lub tsev kawm ntawv" nyob rau hauv txhua hnub hais lus.

Tab sis cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus qhia rau peb hais tias muaj yuav ua tau tsis muaj tsis ntseeg - "lub tsev kawm ntawv" los yog "tsev". Puas tu yog suav hais tias yog tsuas version ntawm "tsev lag luam" - tsis muaj ntxiv "e". Lo lus Verification tsis yog, yog li yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov txawv. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no peb nrhiav tau lo lus no nyob rau hauv hnub no tus cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog txoj kev nws yog sau nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm qhov chaw.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tsev

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tsev yuav suav hais tias raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev cai tsev. Tus thawj destinations ntawm muaj myiaj cov chav kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1770. Tsim rau sab sauv chav kawm ntawv cov neeg tau raug theej los ntawm ib tug uas zoo sib xws British tsev. Nws yog tsis muaj coincidence thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, tsim kev lom zem thiab so, los ua cov lus Askiv qws. Nws yog heev nrov nrog cov paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm: NM Karamzin, VA Zhukovsky, IA Krylov twb regulars ntawm cov lus Askiv qws. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm foundations, lub npe nrov tshaj mej zeej ntawm lub English Club yuav tsum raug xam tias yog A. S. Pushkina. Chaw rau cov neeg ntawm noble Estates sai sai kis mus rau lwm lub zos nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev. Tom qab ntawd, cov no twb yog tsim rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm Estates - merchant, tub ceev xwm. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19 muaj ib lub thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv uas txuas cov neeg tsis los ntawm av thiab kev txaus siab - Chess Club.

Chaw rau cov neeg

Nyob rau yoj Narodnichestvo twb thawj qhov chaw npaj rau cov pej xeem los ntawm ceeb thawj. Lub thiaj li hu ua tib neeg lub tsev tau tsim los rau cov pejxeem. Ordinary neeg lub tsev nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev lub zos - thiab nws yog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv nrog ib tug nyeem ntawv chav tsev, thiab ib chav tsev rau lectures, thiab Sunday School. Qhov no "lub tsev kawm ntawv" los yog "tsev" feem ntau ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm miv, phau ntawv muag khoom, thiab lwm yam kev xwm txheej. Tsim xws tsev nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub zemstvos, private philanthropists, cov koom haum, lub zos nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv. Thaum lub lem ntawm XIX-XX centuries cov neeg nyob rau hauv tsev tau pib mus ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv - piv txwv li, cov neeg lub tsev ntawm Kharkiv haiv neeg kawm ntawv.

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, cov neeg tus tsev thiab neeg ua hauj lwm 'clubs muaj tshiab possibilities rau qhov nthuav ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Tom qab tsov rog, lub zog ntawm lub tshiab tsoom fwv tau tswj kis ntawm cov neeg uas lub tsev tag nrho cov thoob lub teb chaws. Rough thiab tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw tsim ntxhov siab u thiab Steamers.

Cov tsev qiv ntawv

Tsis pub tsawg nrov ntawm cov neeg siv pej xeem cov tsev qiv ntawv. Tus thawj lub npe hu Slavic tsev qiv ntawv ua tau ntau Yaroslav cov Wise. Nyob rau hauv XV-XVII centuries lub tsev qiv ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv loj monasteries thiab cov muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub. Tom qab lub invention ntawm luam ntawv cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj los ua ib tug fixture ntawm tsev ntawm nobles thiab tus xib hwb. Nyob rau hauv 1714 los ntawm decree ntawm Peter 1 thawj cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm ntiaj teb thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntaub twb tsim.

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua kiag cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj emerged nyob rau hauv tandem nrog lub tsev lag luam ntawm ntau dua thiab theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab 1917, cov kev loj hlob ntawm kiag cov tsev qiv ntawv yuav muab tshwj xeeb mloog.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog muaj puas ntau tshaj 40 txhiab. Folk clubs thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis tom qab qhov kawg ntawm hostilities thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv network sai sai rov qab los thiab nthuav.

Thiab kiag thiab pej xeem hauv tsev sai sai pom lawv neeg. Yog li ntawd muaj cov "tsev" nyob rau hauv colloquial hais lus, uas yog ib qhov nyuaj thiab thiaj li sau incorrectly pronounces.

Peb xav hais tias los ntawm tam sim no nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib tug yuav xav tias ntseeg tsis tau qhov tseeb spelling ntawm lo lus. Xav phem cais tsis hom "lub tsev kawm ntawv" los yog "tsev" tsis muaj kev txhawj txog leej twg - mus xyuas qhov txawv dictionaries thiab muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab hluav taws xob daim ntawv.