Lub tsev yog ... Cov vaj tsev nyob. Cov tsev kawm ntawv. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev

Lub tsev - ib tug hauv av-raws li cov qauv, uas muaj ib tug nrog qhov chaw. Tej yam khoom no yog npaj rau kev ua neej lossis ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev pabcuam ntawm kev xav tau ntawm lub zejzog.

Etiology

Lo lus lo lus "tsev", feem ntau yuav yog los ntawm Lus Laus Lavxias "zdati". Nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub, nws meant "tsim." Cov lus qhia "zdati" siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus qub, nyeg, tshwm los ntawm lub npe "zd". Nyob rau cov sijhawm ntawd, lo lus no txhais hais tias "av nplaum" (nws ua haujlwm hauv tsev). Los ntawm tib qho lus qhia, nws ntseeg, muaj cov lus zoo li "tsim" thiab "kws kho tsheb."

Dab tsi tsis siv rau cov tuam tsev?

Lub sijhawm no tsis siv rau cov av uas tsis muaj qhov chaw nyob. Qhov no, piv txwv li, thauj racks thiab txuas hniav, txias yees, thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau ntawm cov dej hauv qab thiab cov hauv av tsis muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj vaj tse. Lawv cov npe muaj xws li dams, tunnels, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov vaj tse no yog hu ua engineering structures lossis cov kab lus yooj yim. Xws li cov khoom muaj xws li cov uas tau ua zoo li lub tsev. Qhov no, piv txwv li, yog ib tug pej thuam dej. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam.

Lub ntsiab lus

Lub tsev yog vim li cas ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho qauv uas muaj peb sab, uas muaj qhov saum toj no-av thiab underground. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua lub tuam tsev muaj cov chaw hauv tsev, cov tes hauj lwm thiab cov qauv kev txhawb nqa engineering. Cov khoom tsim yog tsim los ua kom muaj kev ua ntawm cov neeg. Yog tias lawv siv cov tsev, cov no yog cov tsev nyob. Cov vaj tse yuav tsim los khaws cov khoom thiab kev muab khoom ua ke, nrog rau kev ua kom tsiaj txhu nyob hauv lawv. Ib yam ntawm cov khoom no yog rau pawg "tsis nyob hauv tsev".

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov qauv no yog cov hauv qab no:

1. Cov Thaj Chaw. Lawv rhuav tshem tag nrho chaw seem ntawm ib qho khoom. Ib feem ntawm qhov ntim ntawm lub tsev khoom - qhov no yog chav. Lub tsev, raws li txoj cai, tau muab faib rau tej qhov chaw (chav, txoj kev hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam), uas muaj lub ntsej muag ntawm txhua sab. Tag nrho ntawm qhov chaw zoo li, cov plag tsev uas muaj nyob rau ntawm ib theem, hu ua lub plag tsev.

2. Hauv qab daus. Qhov no yog hauv plag tsev, uas yog qis dua hauv av.
3. Cov av pem teb (hauv qab daus). Nws suav cov chav nyob hauv qab qib ntawm qhov chaw dig muag (tiam sis tsis ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm nws qhov siab).
4. Cov plag tsev them ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog ib phau ntawm qhov chaw nyob saum toj saud.
5. Ntaaj yeeb. Nws yog ib qhov chaw nyob saum toj lub qab nthab saum toj kawg ntawm lub tsev thiab hauv qab lub ru tsev.
6. Tuab Qhia. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm chav tsev, uas yog los ntawm kev faib ntawm ib qho hauv qhov chaw seem. Lub qab nthab yog tsim los ntawm lub ru tsev pitched thiab yog npaj rau qhov chaw los yog sub-khob.
7. Kev Tshawb Fawb. Qhov chaw no yog tsim rau kev tso kawm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab ntxiv rau kev sib txuas lus tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev. Cov pem teb no tuaj yeem nyob rau ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv qis dua ib sab ntawm lub tsev (kev kho underground) thiab nyob rau sab saud (kev kho plag). Qee lub sij hawm nws yog npaj ncaj qha saum cov ntawv. Nws kuj tuaj yeem nyob sab saum toj ntawm lub tsev thib ib ntawm ib lub tsev nrog cov pej xeem lub hom phiaj.

Tsim cov ntsiab lus

Ib lub tsev yog ib lub tsev nrog lub plhaub khoom, nyob rau ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm ntau yam ywj pheej - lub hauv paus, phab ntsa, ru tsev, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus tsim. Lawv, lem, muaj cov khoom me me ua ntej - cov kauj ruam thiab cov vov tsev, cov khoom siv pob zeb, thiab lwm yam.

Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tuam tsev yog muab faib ua ke thiab kev tuav pov hwm. Kev tso npe rau qhov no lossis hom ntawd yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom no hauv tus qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom ua tau ua tau yog thaum lawv nqa txhua hom zog uas tshwm sim thaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev. Hauv kev sib piv, cov txheej txheem thaiv tsev yog tsim los cais cov chaw sab nraud ntawm lub tsev sab nraud thiab tshem tawm lub tsev mus rau lwm chav.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog cov nram qab no: lub hauv paus, kab, kab thiab qhov sib luag. Tawm fais fab - qhov rooj thiab qhov rai, vov tsev thiab qee zaum. Muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lub tuam tsev uas muab cov haujlwm ntawm cov kabmob ntawm cov kabmob thiab cov qauv tsis yog (piv txwv, sab hauv phab ntsa).

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov vaj tse los ntawm lub hom phiaj

Cov nram qab no ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv yuav raug siv, uas yog cov kev tsim kho av nrog ib ntim nrog:

1. Vaj tse tsev. Cov no yog cov khoom siv uas yog siv los ua tsev. Cov no yog cov hostels thiab cov chaw ntiav pw. Muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog cov tsev nyob thiab cov vaj tse nrog chav rau cov hnub so tsev, vaj tse, thiab lwm yam.
2. Public vaj tse. Cov no muaj xws li cov tsev khaws ntaub ntawv thiab cov thaij, cov chaw tsheb ciav hlau, cov chaw kav khw, cov chaw qiv ntawv, cov qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam.
3. Muaj vaj tse. Lawv yog cov fais fab, chaw tsim khoom, zauv zis.
4. Cov vaj tse ubno. Cov no muaj xws li warehouses, farms for livestock, thiab lwm yam.
5. Cov tsev tswj kav. Cov no yog cov vaj tse tsim kom muaj chaw ua haujlwm.

Kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev yog ua tiav raws li lawv cov kev kawm loj, uas muab faib ua plaub hoob hauv SNiPe P-A.3-61. Piv txwv, kev cai thiab keeb kwm monuments (palaces thiab theaters, metro stations, thiab lwm yam) yuav tsum tau fwm rau ntau pua xyoo. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawm cov chav kawm no yog ua tiav nrog kev ua raws li qee cov kev cai rau architecture, hluav taws ua hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam. Thaum tsim cov khoom tsim nyog nws yuav tsum ua raws li SNiP "Vaj tse thiab sau". Tsab ntawv no yog ib qho kev qhia tsim los tiv thaiv txoj cai thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom hauv kev lag luam.

Cov tsev nyob

Cov tsev no muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam. Tshwj xeeb, lawv tsis yog lag luam (tsev tos qhua ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv los yog cov tsev lag luam, cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov tub rog tub rog thiab, cov chav tsev nyob), thiab cov tsev lag luam (cov tsev muaj txiaj ntsim, cov chaw ntiav pw thiab cov hostels).

Cov tsev nyob hauv tsev kuj raug cais tawm ntawm cov storeys. Lawv muaj raws li nram no:
- tsawg-nce (hauv ib lossis ob plag tsev);
- Qhov nruab nrab ntawm storeys (3-5 plag tsev);
- ntau-storey (tshaj 6 plag tsev);
- nrog siab pem teb (11 mus rau 16 plag tsev);
- high-rise (tshaj 16 plag tsev).

Faib cov vaj tse uas npaj rau cov neeg nyob, thiab cov chaw nyob hauv lawv. Cov tsev zoo li no tuaj yeem:

- ib leeg-tsev neeg (tus neeg);
- Semi-detached (paired);
- ntau chav tsev.

Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kom muaj kev thaj chaw zoo rau cov pejxeem, nws tsimnyog yuav tsum xaiv cov tsev nyob hauv tsev los ntawm ntau cov storeys thiab los ntawm lawv cov qauv ua haujlwm.

Hauv kev koom ua ke loj, feem ntau kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tsev. Qhov no yog kev kho kom haum yog tias koj xav tsim ib lub tsev nyob. SNiP muab qee yam kev txwv rau cov khoom ua, thiab kev ua haujlwm thiab kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev. Raws li kev qhia hauv lub tsev, ntau lub tsev yuav tsum tsim tsa los ntawm cov qauv ruaj khov. Tsis tas li ntawd, SNiPom tau teeb tsa ib txoj cai kom muaj hluav taws tuaj yeem ntawm cov chaw no. Tias yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv chav tsev nyob nrog ib qhov siab ntawm ntau tshaj li 5 plag, cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa yuav tsum tau ua tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv pob zeb, pob zeb thiab pob zeb.

Designing ntawm high-sawv vaj tse muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Cov kabmob ntawm cov vaj tse no, raws li txoj cai, yog phab ntsa.

Cov tsev kawm ntawv

Cov no yog cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj ib qho kev ua vaj tse ua ke - tsim kom muaj ib qho chaw rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw haujlwm. Qhov no kuj tuaj yeem muaj xws li thaj chaw uas yog qhov chaw khiav dej num ntawm pej xeem thiab lub xeev thiab cov koom haum hauv xeev.

Cov tuam tsev tswj kav, raws li txoj cai, muaj qhov tsim qauv ntawm tes. Cov chav dej hauv lawv muaj nyob ntawm tog twg los ob tog ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev. Thawj hauv pem teb yog rau cov khaub ncaws thiab cov chaw tos txais. Cov chav tsim nyog hauv cov tsev khiav dej num yog cov chav sib tham. Lawv nyob ntawm cov chaw qis qis, npaaj kev siv qhov sib txawv. Cov rooj sib tham yuav tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv cov tsev hauv siab ntawm lub tsev loj.

Cov vaj tse hauv kev tsim cov kev sib tham yog muab cov kev xav loj thiab kev tsim vaj tse thiab kev tsim duab. Raws li txoj cai, lawv nyob rau ntawm txoj kev thiab cov chaw. Ntau yam ntawm cov tuam tsev no yog ib qhov chaw ntawm ib lub hauv paus hauv cov vaj tse.

Yuav tsum muaj cov chav ua haujlwm

Kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev khiav haujlwm muaj ntau yam nta. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov tsev no yuav tsum muaj ntau qhov rooj thiab qhov rais qhib, nrog rau cov theem nrab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tuam tsev khiav dej num yog cov kev teeb tsa nrog cov qauv khov kho. Lawv qhov chaw sab nrauv yog npaj txawb thiab dav. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom pom ntawm qhov khoom. Xav tias yog ib daim iav nruam glazing, brickwork, nrog rau cov kev xaiv ua ke thiab cov hom kev ua haujlwm rau kev tsim ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv.

SNiP txo nws txoj cai rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm. Cov no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

- kev siv cov qauv uas ua raws li GOST cov qauv kawm;
- ua raws li tag nrho cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb;
- ecological compatibility ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv;
- ergonomics;
- hluav taws kev nyab xeeb;
- kev ruaj ntseg, lub suab nrov thiab cov hluav taws kub;
- kev tsim ntawm qhov muaj zog qhov cua tshuab;
- tsis kam ua dej nag thiab kub hloov;
- Sau tau;
- av qeeg ua haujlwm.

Thaum tsim cov tuam tsev cov tsev, yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai ntxiv. Lawv cov npe xws li:

- thawj qhov kev npaj;
- chaw nres tsheb hauv qab daus ntawm lub tsev;
- Ib lub tuam txhab txuas hluav taws xob ntawm hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txuas tau ntau tus neeg siv khoom ua haujlwm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub hlwb nco ntsoov tias kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw khiav dej num yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tus tsim kev pom zoo xwb.

Kev faib tawm ntawm industrial vaj tse

Thaum cov theem ntawm tsim, npaj thiab nyiaj rau cov kev siv tseem ceeb heev yog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lo lus uas peb chaw. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws lub peev kuj tseem ceeb.

Muaj cov tsev muaj kev sib faib raws li lawv lub hom phiaj rau cov hauv qab no:

- chaw ua haujlwm npaj rau kev ua haujlwm loj;
- cov chaw pabcuam, chaw cia khoom thiab chaw haujlwm, uas yog khoom ntawm kev pabcuam (cov chaw kho mob, lub khomob kho, warehouses, laboratories, etc.);
- vaj tse thiab vaj tse ntawm qhov kev lag luam (chav boiler, gas generators, compressors, thiab lwm yam);
- kev tsim kho kev sib txuas lus thiab kev thauj khoom (chaw nres tsheb, cov chaw sib txuas lus, cov chaw tswj cov txheej txheem, thiab lwm yam);
- Cov chaw tu huv si (dej ntxuav dej thiab dej, roj thiab cua sov, thiab lwm yam).

Kev tsim nyog rau cov tuam tsev muaj vaj tse

Tsev cai muab rau pem hauv ntej qhov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab kev siv ntawm muaj chaw.

Ua ntej tshaj, yuav tsum tau ua kom cov hauj lwm tsim. Lawv txhais tau tias yog lub tswv yim zoo ntawm cov qauv hauv kev tsim kho hauv kev tsim kho, suav nyiaj rau txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj mus rau cov khoom muag. Yuav kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua no, nws tsim nyog tsim qhov loj thiab zoo ntawm lub tsev uas lub zog ntawm nws cov khoom thiab kab hauv txhua qhov tsis cuam tshuam nrog qhov chaw dawb thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov zoo li no tseem ceeb heev, raws li nws muaj txiaj ntsim rau txoj kev tsim ntawm ntau lawm, thiab ntxiv nws txoj kev tswjhwm.

Nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev industrial, yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom ntxuav thiab ntxuav tu kom zoo. Lawv raug txo kom tsim tau cov kev ua haujlwm zoo li no kom txaus rau tsev neeg thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Yuav kom ua tau raws li cov cai hauv cheeb tsam muaj ntau, vaj tse yuav tsum tuav tag nrho cov kev mob ntawm qib uas yuav tsum tau muaj, xws li kub, av noo, cua zog thiab huv. Ua raws li cov tseev kom muaj ntawm cov qauv kev cai, yuav tsum muaj theem ntawm kev co, hluav taws xob thiab suab nrov.

Thaum tsim theem thiab xaiv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, yuav tsum tau muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws. Lawv raug txo kom cov neeg tua hluav taws tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv, nrog rau nws txoj hauv kev tsim vaj tse thiab kev txiav txim siab, uas yuav tsum tau txo cov naj npawb ntawm cov storeys, muab hluav taws teeb meem thaiv teeb meem, txiav txim seb tus naj npawb thiab loj npaum li cas tawm thiab tawm, tawm thiab tsheb. Lub tsev yuav tsum tau muab lub raj xa dej tua hluav taws.

Ntau cov tuam tsev yog tsim los rau hauv cov nyiaj siv nyiaj txiag, uas txo kom txo cov nqi ntawm kev tsis yog siv xwb, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw. Ua kom tau li no, siv cov cim kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam.

Cov nqi ntawm cov nqi pib yuav raug txo yog tias siv cov kev sib txuas thiab cov lus qhia ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm, cov khoom vaj khoom tsev pheej yig dua, thiab siv cov qauv vaj huam sib luag thiab kev tsim kho thaum tsim lub tsev.