Mercuric sulfide: Formula

Tshuaj mercury sulphide khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txoj kev hu ua cinnabar - ib tug heev tshuaj lom compound. Nws yog lub feem ntau ntau mercury mineral. Nws twb tau muab siv txij ancient sij hawm raws li ib tug colorant. Tab sis qhov kev ntawm no mineral yuav tso tej yam tshuaj lom thiab ua lom. Yog li ntawd tam sim no cinnabar nws yog siv tsuas yog rau cov extraction ntawm mercury, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj.

Mineral mercury sulphide

Nws yog hu ua cinnabar. Qhov no lo lus los ntawm cov ancient Persian ua ke ntawm "zaj ntshav". Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas lub ancient East mercuric sulfide thiab lub npe tis rau nws liab xim. Nyob rau cleavage cov pob zeb no yog li ntawd kaj uas tsa ib tug nco ntawm cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nws yog sai sai oxidized, kis ib tug xiav-grey xim nqaij daim tawv. muaj yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj heev mineral nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg muaju. Feem ntau nws yog ib tug khoom loj los yog cov quav hniav. Cinnabar yog pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm streaks, crusts thiab inclusions nyob rau hauv lub limestone thiab av nplaum pob zeb.

Lwm cov kev hloov kho yog mercury sulphide mineral metacinnabarite. Qhov no hmoov dub yog heev tsawg nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Txawm ntau tsawg minerals los ntawm sulphide ntawm mercury - yog Aktaş, gvadalkartsit, opofrit, saukovit thiab lwm tus neeg.

Faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Mercuric sulfide - yog lub feem ntau mineral rau lub ntiaj teb mercury. Nws yog tsim los ntawm hydrothermal deposits nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no mineral yog mined ua ke nrog quartz, pyrite, calcite thiab lwm cov breeds. Qhov loj tshaj plaws tso nyiaj ntawm sulphide ntawm mercury, tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob rau ob txhiab xyoo, nws yog nyob rau hauv Spain. Nws yog hu ua Almaden, ntawm no ua txog 80% ntawm lub ntiaj teb reserves ntawm mercury. Loj deposits yog tseem tam sim no nyob rau hauv Slovenia, Yugoslavia, USA. Ib txhia ancient mines, tsim thiab tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, nyob rau hauv lub Donbass, nyob rau hauv Central Asia, nyob rau hauv Primorye.

zog

Qhov no mineral muaj ntau tshaj li 80% ntawm cov mercury. Hais tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no hlau. Txij li thaum mercury tau ntev tau paub thiab siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam, li ntawd nws yog feem ntau siv mercury sulfide. Cov mis ntawm no substance HgS, nyob rau hauv lwm nws tseem hu ua sulfurous mercury. mineral feature yog nws lub cev thiab tshuaj zog:

• kaj xim liab;
• rau tej daim - ci;
• mineral lamellae yog yuav luag pob tshab, zoo li cov pob zeb diamond;
• Nws yog ib heev taus;
• Nws muaj ib tug high ntom, ces nws yog heev hnyav;
• yooj yim melted;
• thaum rhuab rau 200 degrees, nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm vaporized mercury vapor;
• yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acids.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev siv

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov cinnabar tau paub rau noob neej rau lwm lub 15 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Nws twb pom nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb kos duab. Txawm nyob rau hauv Ancient nroog Loos, Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Byzantine mercury sulphide rho kom tau cov hlau thiab ib tug tej yam ntuj tso liab xim. Daim cinnabar siv txawm rau qhov siv thiab ua souvenirs.

Lub hiob deposits tau dim mus rau lub tam sim no, muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, Gorlovka, nyob rau hauv lub Fergana Valley nyob rau hauv Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv tsis yog neeg tej yam kev mob, neeg ua hauj lwm feem ntau tuag los ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom.

Cinnabar yog heev menyuam nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm vim hais tias ntawm nws cov kaj xim liab. Thiab nws tau mined 500 xyoo BC. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb siv rau mercury. Qhov no hlau no mas muaj nuj nqis thiab tau muab siv raws li ib tug tshuaj kev tsis txawj tuag. Vim hais tias ntawm nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm mercury hu ua kua nyiaj thiab yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv alchemy. Qhov no hlau twb rho hom qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov thwmsim.

txais tos

Rov qab nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj, twb xub tau ua los ntawm cov khoom cua cinnabar. Los ntawm alloying lub mercury nrog sulfur alchemists liab mercuric sulfide twb tau nyob rau hauv 9 xyoo pua. Thiab lub ntxias ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv nws paintings twb siv dag cinnabar. Tam sim no siv ob txoj kev kom tau mercury sulfide: qhuav thiab ntub dej. Thaum ua qhuav tov nrog mercury thiab leej faj yog rhuab. Yog li tau dub substance. Nws sublime thiab ces condense. Ib tug ntub txoj kev tau raug kuaj nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv no mercury thiab leej faj triturated nrog dej thiab tov nrog caustic dej qab zib. Tom qab tham manipulations tau liab mercuric sulfide. Tab sis nws yog tsawg resistant thiab teeb dub.

Cov txheej txheem rau muab dag cinnabar heev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg, raws li nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshuaj lom mercury tebchaw. Yog li ntawd, nws tseem tau xwb nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov tsis muaj dag cinnabar yog hais tias nws nws thiaj li yuav ua xiavlus los yog yuav luag dub Hawj txawm. Qhov no tshwm sim twb nyob rau hauv cov xim muaj hlau txheej.

Cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm no substance

Mercury - ib tug heev tshuaj lom hlau. Ib tug cinnabar kuj yuav ua mob hnyav lom tau tso cov mercury vapor, txawm nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Thiab qhov no yog lub muaj zog neurotoxic tshuaj. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau lub paj hlwb, lub paj hlwb, tsis zoo muaj feem xyuam rau lub ob lub raum thiab lub siab. Mercury vapors yog ntxhiab thiab nqus tau pa muaj feem xyuam rau cov pa ib ntsuj av. Yog li ntawd, cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm mercury belongs rau tus thawj chav kawm ntawv - lub feem ntau tej tshuaj. Yog hais tias lom nyob rau hauv tib neeg tshwm sim convulsions, tsis nov ntawm nqaij tawv, tuag tes tuag taw ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev cov chaw, kev nyuaj siab ntawm mob ua si, hallucinations thiab kev tuag.

Mercuric sulfide: daim ntawv thov

Cinnabar - qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm mercury. Tab sis lwm yam tshaj li hais tias los ntawm ancient sij hawm no mineral yog siv raws li ib tug kaj ntuj xim. Cinnabar yog siv raws li ib tug xim rau painting ntawm icons, kos capital cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub, souvenir lawm. Nyob rau hauv iconography, raws li tus number case yog feem ntau siv niaj hnub no. Tab sis nyob rau hauv secular painting los ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nws twb hloov los ntawm ntau ruaj ntseg cadmium xim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tshuaj tua kab mob tsim muaj mercury sulfide yog siv raws li ib tug zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv syphilis, antiseptic thiab laxative.

Tam sim no mercury rho tawm los ntawm cinnabar, yog dav siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam:

• nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua thermometers;
• nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering;
• Filling fluorescent teeb;
• rau zus tau tej cov barometers;
• thaum raug tsom iav;
• Brazing ntawm ntau hlau thiab kub tsuas;
• nyob rau hauv pharmaceutics, piv txwv li, rau lub preservation ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• txawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nws yog ib feem ntawm kev kho hniav ntsaws;
• mercury alloys nrog rau lwm cov co kheev siv nyob rau hauv jewellery;
• raws li ib tug fungicide nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb.