Pontian Greeks - uas yog qhov no? Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Pontic Greeks

Pontian Greeks - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Greek ethnos, cov uas nyob rau cov neeg ntev ua ntej cov advent ntawm ib tug tshiab era mastered rau lub Dub hiav txwv tub tiv thaiv (nyob rau hauv Greek - Pontus). Chiv, lawv compact hais sib haum yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm qaib ntxhw, thiab xwb ces lawv kis tau thoob lub Dub hiav txwv.

Pontic Greeks - uas yog lawv?

Pont - lub keeb kwm lub npe ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog. Ib thaj nyuag, nws stretches ntawm tus ciaj ciam ntawm Azerbaijan nrog qaib ntxhw, crosses tag nrho Turkish ntug dej hiav txwv thiab xaus rau ntawm txoj kab lub zos Nikopol - Akdagma Denis. Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus Greek settlers twb kom deb li deb los ntawm lub tshav ntuj tuaj ntawm lawv teb chaws?

Cov ancient Greeks tsim lawv tus kheej raws li yav tom ntej traders thiab colonizers. Puab lub tsev lub teb chaws differed me ntsis av thiab mountainous roob hav. Qhov no tsim paaj tej yam kev mob rau cov tsiaj nyeg, tab sis cov tswv teb muaj ib qho nyuaj lub sij hawm - scant mountainous xau coj ib tug me me qoob loo, uas yog nyuam qhuav txaus noj lawv tus kheej tsev neeg. Raws li zealous tswv, cov Greeks tsis tsim notoriously unprofitable ua liaj ua teb, tab sis pheej nrhiav tau lub zeem muag ntawm marine cov kev pab thiab cov lag luam tawm tseem khiav.

luam tseem khiav

Pontian Greeks - ib tug neeg tsav nkoj thiab cov tub luam. Nws yog ib tug txais tos qhua ntawm tag nrho cov ntug dej ntawm lub ecumene. Greeks nquag sib piv cov nqi nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws fleet, nteg tshiab tseem khiav rau cov lag luam tawm nrog nyob deb pab pawg neeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cia khoom nyob me me settlements sailors thiab tub txawj tub ntse uas twb koom nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nrog hauv paus txawm haiv neeg thiab resold ntawm inflated nqi txawv cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, Asia muaj hnub nyoog thiab lub Middle East.

thawj nroog

Tus hiob paub hais sib haum ntawm Pontic Greeks nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Miletus. Ib tug ob peb kaum xyoo, VIII-IX centuries BC. e. muaj yog ib tug zoo Sinop, uas tam sim no yog lub hlaws ntawm lub Turkish Dub hiav txwv tub tiv thaiv. Ces, zoo li nceb tom qab cov nag tej lub nroog Amissos, Kotior, Kerasund thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Ancient Herodotus Tsis xav lawv hais tias lub Pontic Greeks tswm ib ncig ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv, raws li qav nyob ib ncig ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov puddles. Qhov no ua piv txwv qhia meej qhia cov aims thiab cov hau kev ntawm resettlement ntawm Greeks.

Dua li ntawm qhov es sab colonization, tsis muaj kev clashes nrog rau hauv zos pab pawg neeg tsis tshwm sim. Pontic Greeks paub yuav ua li cas tham mus nyaum natives tsis los ntawm kev quab yuam, tab sis los ntawm specie. Cov cai negate lub neeg pab leg ntaubntawv ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg hauv zos - yog hais tias leej twg txhob chim thiab neeg txawv teb chaws xav kom them tau, tsis txhob sib ntaus sib tua. Pontic Greeks tsim ib tug zoo kawg pauv khoom - nyob rau hauv lub tsev, lawv tau nqa cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab cov qoob loo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub deb nroog xa cov roj txiv roj, wine, tais diav ntim chaws thiab handicrafts, hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev lig kev cai Ponta

Yuav ua li cas yuav substantiate lawv nyob deb ntawm lub tsev ib tug dog dig tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug ancient cov neeg - Pontic Greeks? Kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub settlers yeej tau theej rau txoj kev ntseeg ntawm ib tug nyob deb lub teb chaws. Lawv pe hawm tag nrho cov zoo tshaj plaws gods ntawm Olympus, tab sis lawv muaj lawv tus kheej favorites.

Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asia muaj hnub nyoog yog qhov seem ntawm lub tuam tsev uas Poseidon thiab Hermes - patron ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab cov lag luam tawm. Pontic Greeks muaj lawv tus kheej sawv. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv xaiv los mus piav qhia lawv cov keeb kwm tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm Jason thiab cov Argonauts. Tej zaum qhov heev Golden Chais ya cov plaub nyob rau hauv no nto moo kev lig kev cai piv qhov wealth ntawm tus Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam mus rau tib sheepskin (Chais ya cov plaub) - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab yam khoom uas luam.

Culture thiab Art

Pontic Greeks jealously khaws cia lawv tus kheej thiab hais tias nws tus kheej Hellene tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev vam meej, raws li txwv mus rau barbarians - surrounding pab pawg neeg, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb nyob rau theem ntawm decomposition pab pawg neeg system. Cov pej xeem ntawm lub zos mus khaws cia lawv tus kheej thiab muab lub ntiaj teb no ib cim neeg, uas ua nto moo nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb. Philosopher Diogenes, Diphilus txoj cai Heracleides, Stravon. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj lub xyoo txhiab nyob rau hauv theology nyob Vissarion npe thiab lwm leej lwm tus, thiab tshiab lub sij hawm muab cov npe xws li Karatzas, Ypsilanti, Muruzisov thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm epochs

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm Aleksandra Makedonskogo kis Greek cawv nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv - lub era ntawm Hellenization. Nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Mithridates no cawv yog tseem muaj zog heev - nyob rau hauv Asia muaj hnub nyoog prospered lawv cov lus, tsim lub monuments ntawm architecture thiab kos duab.

Nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws los ua Christian Pontic Greeks. Tsaug rau cov thwj tim Paul thiab Peter sab hnub tuaj sawv cev ntawm cov neeg yog cov thawj mus teev rau hauv thaum ntxov Christian cov zej zog thiab muaj leej twg paub Yexus Khetos ua lawv tus Cawm Seej. Lub zej zog muaj zus nyob rau hauv monasteries, qhov uas lawv nrhiav tau qhov chaw nkaum ntawm UFW ntawm cov tshiab txoj kev ntseeg.

Greeks los yog cov neeg Loos?

Nyob rau hauv Byzantine lub sij hawm lub Pontic Greeks tsim lawv tus kheej xeev. Thaum lub behest ntawm Justinian nws los ua tus capital ntawm Trebizond (Trabzon). Cia li ces, ib tug thib ob nws tus kheej-Pontic Greeks - Loos, lub ntsiab lus "pej xeem ntawm Rome" - tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li lub Byzantine Empire nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj.

Kev sib raug zoo "metropolis-xeev" khi Pontus thiab Constantinople kom txog rau thaum 1204, thaum lub peev ntawm tus Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws tsaus muag nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm lub Franks. Tom qab no daim ntawv qhia tshwm Nicene State, uas tom qab muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Trebizond. Ntau tshaj li ob centuries ntawm nws lub neej, lub teb chaws Ottoman lossi ua rog nrog cov surrounding pab pawg neeg uas tsis yog-Christian txoj kev ntseeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav rov tsoom fwv ntawm lub Loos lub Turks, uas nyob rau hauv 1461 tau kov yeej thiab plundered Trebizond.

Muslim dominion

Tus capture ntawm Trebizond meant lub hnub poob thiab pib ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, cov kis ntawm Islam nyob rau hauv lub ancient av ntawm Pontian Greeks. Cov tua neeg pov tseg, ua nruj ua tsiv, pogroms thiab yuam Islamization nyob rau hauv mob ntawm deprivation ntawm lub neej - ntawd yog dab tsi tau coj Greek Turkish txoj cai. Lub survivors sab laug lub nroog, lub pastures thiab lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsiv mus rau lub roob rau kev ntshai ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev tsim txom. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub Turkish tub ceev xwm ua ib co concessions thiab tso cai rau Greeks los tsim tej hom ntawm ntau lawm - metallurgy thiab ceramics, piv txwv li.

Rau ntau centuries Pontic Greeks tseem ib qho ntawm feem cais haiv neeg ntawm lub Turkish faj tim teb chaws. Lawv suab tsis sib tshooj nrog cov ntseeg, tab sis nyob alongside lub Armenians thiab Kurds. Coj lawm, handicraft thiab meager harvests, sau los ntawm lub mountainous, infertile av, tsis nyiam cov xim uas siab hlob generals thiab Supreme Turkish ua hauj lwm. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim li cas lub Greeks tswj kom khaws cia lawv cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai, los nthuav rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus cheeb tsam thiab lub Crimea, thiab koom nrog lub ntiaj teb no lub zej lub zos nyob rau hauv lub autonomous kev cai txoj cai.

Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum 1922, thaum lub Greeks raug ntiab tawm los ntawm lawv cov pawg neeg thaj av, uas lawv xav hais tias lawv cov txheeb ze rau lub xyoo.

ntiab tawm

Rau ntau xyoo, lub Turkish tub ceev xwm tsis paub txog lub genocide thiab tsim txom ntawm Armenians. Tab sis ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov raug tsim txom thiab lwm yam Turkish haiv neeg, xws li Pontian Greeks. Lub genocide ntawm cov haiv neeg tau coj mus rau lub teb eradication ntawm lub Greeks los ntawm lawv cov teb chaws thiab lawv cov yuam ntiab tawm ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Ntau tshaj 350 txhiab. Cov neeg raug burnt nyob rau hauv lub koom txoos thiab lub tuam tsev, cov survivors khiav, tso tag nrho lawv cov khoom. Tej zaum 19 yog ib tug tu siab hnub no lub teb chaws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Pontian Greeks tswm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lwm lub xeev. Lawv yuam kom khiav tawm lawv lub tebchaws.

Pontic Greeks nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Kuban thiab lub North Caucasus. Feem ntau ntawm lawv hais lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, tab sis khaws cia ib co ntawm cov ancient sawv ntawm nws cov neeg. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov Pontic Greeks rov qab mus rau lawv haiv neeg shores ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws.

Yog li ntawd, tom qab 2.5 txhiab tom qab thawj zaug settlers tshuav tus mob rocky ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, lawv yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau lawv tsev. Lawv odyssey twb nrog ib tug rov qab mus rau nws teb koj chaw. Peb xav kom lawv zoo siab.