Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub cov kws lij choj

Raws li txoj cai science thiab hom kev ua si hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub Roman emperors. Nws yog cov neeg Loos muab qhov yooj yim tug ncej ntawm tag nrho cov niaj hnub raws li txoj cai xyaum. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsis muaj surprise hais tias tiam dhau ib tiam muaj qhov set ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog qhov zoo tagnrho tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev raws li muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas tau ua lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pab mus rau tsim ntawm ib lub teb chaws raws li txoj cai system.

Paub kev cai lij choj sau ntawv

Tej cai muab rau lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm tub ceev xwm, ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj ua si theorists, systematizing uas tso npe thov kev txoj kev thiab lub validity ntawm cov kev kawm qhuab qhia los qhia tshiab cov neeg. Qhov tseem nto moo Lavxias teb sab kws lijchoj nyob rau hauv daim teb no ntawm kev ua si: N. M. Korkunov, K. P. Pobedonostsev, B. N. Chicherin, MI Braginsky.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Korkunoff

N. M. Korkunov (1853-1904) - los ntawm cov kev kawm tsev neeg, ib tug kawm tiav ntawm St. Petersburg University, thiab tom qab - tus kws qhia ntawv. Nrog 70 ntawm lub 90 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua, lectured rau kev cai lij choj ntawm kev cai lij choj kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub Alexander Lyceum thiab cov tub rog Academy. Ntawm nws cov hauj lwm - "Lub cai thiab cov kev cai lij choj", "Lavxias teb sab xeev txoj cai lij choj." Hais txog ib lub xyoo Nikolai Mikhailovich tuav txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev Secretary nyob rau hauv lub State Council.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ua hauj lwm - "qhia rau cov general kev tshawb xav ntawm txoj kev cai" - yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab universities, muaj kuj tau txhais ua Fabkis thiab lus Askiv, Western cov kws lij choj pom tau hais tias "qhia" kev txoj kev tshawb no tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm zoo txoj cai kev tshawb xav.

Txij li thaum lub kev ntseeg NM Korkunova tsis tau raws li lub ideology ntawm lub Soviet lub sij hawm, nws tej hauj lwm tau kawm tsuas yog raws li ib qho kev ntawm mas scholars ntawm yav dhau los lub sij hawm, thiab niaj hnub science, siv rau weighing qhov tseem ceeb ntawm creativity - ib tug rarity, tab sis peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias nws yog tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Korkunova kev ua ub no, nws qhia ua hauj lwm twb xub ntsiab ntawm tej ceg ntawm science raws li ib tug tswj dej num, thoob ntiaj teb, lub xeev txoj cai lij choj.

Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev

KP Pobedonostsev cob qhia dej num professorial tsev neeg. Lavxias teb sab jurists ntawm lub sij hawm tej zaum kuj heev txawv views arhaisticheskie - txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox dogmas thiab kev ncaj ncees hauv paus ntsiab lus. Qhov no lub tswv yim daig thiab Pobedonostsev, xav tias, piv txwv li, hais tias cov kev xaiv tsa yog tsis kev pab, generating pheej yig nom tswv kev ua si. Cov neeg, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj peev xwm mus qhia cov yuav, txij li thaum tus los saum ntuj muaj lub tswv yim tias tag nrho coj noj coj ua ntawm lub teb chaws tau muab rau tus huab tais.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet ntaub ntawv K. P. Pobedonostsev twb hais raws li ib tus kws lijchoj ntawm huab tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis ho tsis kav tawm nws citation, txij li thaum ua hauj lwm ntawm no paub txog yog suav tias yog ib tug classic: zoo paub txog lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj cai lij choj, Pobedonostsev skillfully ua ib tsom xam ntawm tej yam raws li txoj cai tsev los ntawm dabneeg comparative txoj kev.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tseem ceeb heev yog nws chav kawm ntawm pej xeem txoj cai raws li nyob rau hauv paus kev paub ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kev cai lij choj lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin

Tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm cov paub Lavxias teb sab kws lijchoj ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem yuav khav xws li ib tug broad-minded li B. N. Chicherin, uas kuj yog ib tug supporter ntawm neo-Hegelianism, thiab historian, thiab tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm tshwj xeeb. Tsav qhia, tus paub txog to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub era ntawm lub Great kho ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab neeg. Raws li ib tug xib fwb, Chicherin BN sim ib tug kiag li txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev qhia raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm pej xeem koom haum saib xyuas kev tshawb xav. Txawm li cas los, views txawv los ntawm conservative kawm - raws li ib tug yeej muaj tseeb tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm, nws ntseeg hais tias Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg yuav tsis muaj nyob tsis muaj ib tug autocrat. B. N. Chicherina yuav suav hais tias tus tsim ntawm txoj cai tsev kawm ntawv ntawm historiography, raws li sau los ntawm tus paub txog yuav xws tej hauj lwm raws li "Cov Keeb kwm ntawm Political tswv yim", "Khoom thiab lub xeev", "Thwmsim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev cai lij choj."

Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug ob peb zoo-paub cov kws lij choj, tsis zoo li Chicherina B. N., yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov nqis pab rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm siab, cov lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab tenets.

Gabriel Feliksovich Shershenevich

Shershenevich GF - los ntawm ib tug noble Polish tsev neeg, ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub University of Kazan. Kheej ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm zaum thaum pib ntawm kev qhia kev ua ub no yog ib yam tsev ntawm pej xeem txoj cai, raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab kev cai lij choj chaw. Shershenevich GF twb tseem koom nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm coj mus muag txoj cai, nyob rau hauv uas nws tau deployed dissertation kev tshawb fawb.

Tus thawj monograph ci ntsa iab theorists tau mob siab rau cov kev chav kawm ntawm lub pej xeem txoj cai, uas differed nyob rau hauv-tob txoj kev tshawb no ntawm PatientsÕ thiab kev hais plaub ntug ua muaj ntau kwvyees thiab synthesis. Tom qab ntawd Shershenevich GF sim dogmatize lub keeb kwm ntawm lub philosophy ntawm kev cai lij choj, npaj duab disparate paub.

Cov soj ntsuam ntawm thawj muab cov menyuam kawm ntawv ib tug systematic phau ntawv nyob rau hauv pej xeem txoj cai, hu rau lub codification tsim thiab qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm kev cai lij choj dualism.

Xyaum tu yus tus kws lijchoj Fine hais plaub ntug hais lus

Judicial contest tog - qhov no yog ib duel ntawm wits, uas yuav tsum tau txuj ci, hais lus zoo, muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab nthawv. Xyaum, nyob rau hauv lem, muab zaub mov rau thought theorists. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws - F. Plevako, A. F. Koni, VD Spasovich thiab lwm tus neeg. Forensic hais lus paub cov kws lij choj yog tseem kawm nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj faculties ntawm lub teb chaws thiab pab raws li cov piv txwv ntawm pab ua.

Fedor Alekseevich Koni

Tsis tag nrho cov zoo-paub cov kws lij choj differed li tsawg oratorical txuj ci raws li Koni F. A., tus tub ntawm tus naas ej vaudeville txawj sau ntawv, critic, editor thiab actress. Lub neej yav tom ntej tus kws txiav txim thiab prosecutor twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev, txawj nyob rau hauv tsib hom lus. Koni F. A. twb kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog tiam lis pej xeem txheej txheem, nws muaj nyob rau senior txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub prosecutor lub chaw ua hauj lwm, cov judiciary, nyob rau hauv particular, yog tus nom ntawm lub koog tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev hais plaub Peterburg.

Muaj ntau high-profile neeg mob tau soj ntsuam nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov lus qhia. Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo - kev ncaj ncees rau Vera Zasulich, St. Petersburg cob moos sim tua vim hais tias ntawm cov kua zaub ntsuab rau Arkhip Bogolyubov, uas los ua ib tug tsim txom los ntawm bureaucratic arbitrariness. Rau cov surprise ntawm ntau yam, Koni A. F. tau muaj kev tswj los mus cuag ib tug acquittal rau Zasulich, uas tom qab ua zoo-paub Marxist-revolutionary.

Koni A. F. nquag txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig, tus naas ej tus kws lij choj, nws los ua ib tug xib fwb nyob rau ntawm St. Petersburg University, nyeem ib tug ntau ntawm cov pej xeem lectures, kev qhia ntawv rau cov masses. Thaum nyob rau cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog, ib tug ci ntsa iab orator rau nws lub xeem ua tsis taus pa tsis tu tsis tseg mus ua hauj lwm rau lub Fatherland.

Txhua yam ntawm cov nuj nqis hais saum toj no, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ncaj ncees kev pab cuam mus rau lub xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab niaj hnub theorists thiab cov kws tau ua raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv.