Tooj-npib tsib xee: zog, GOST. Qhuav ntawm tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloys. Ntxuav tau npib ntawm tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau

Tooj belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws muaj siab thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, nws yog li cas los xij mas siv nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob kev lag luam. Tooj - ib tug heev zas ntaub ntawv, uas lends nws tus kheej zoo rau siab kho nyob rau hauv lub txias thiab kub.

Yuav kom txhim kho txoj kev kho tshuab tsim thiab kev kawm ntawv thaj chaw ntawm cov tooj liab compound siv nrog lwm cov hlau. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub fusion txheej txheem kev hloov cov qauv ntawm cov siv lead ua lattices, muaj ntxiv kev sib txuas lus ntawm ions thiab atoms. Namely nws tsub kom alloy zog piv rau dawb huv hlau.

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab alloyed nrog npib tsib xee

Thaum alloying npib tsib xee yog lub ntsiab alloying caij. Nws muaj ib tug xeb kuj, txawm li cas los, yog tsuas yog siv rau hardening. Thaum alloying nws nrog tooj liab daim ntawv tas mus li khoom daws teeb meem. Tooj-npib tsib xee acquires ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshiab nta:

• tsub kom lub tshav kub tsis kam ntawm cov khoom;
• significantly txo kub coefficient ntawm resistivity;
• muaj siab kuj mus xeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntsev dej.

kev faib

Cov khoom ntawm tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau nyob rau hauv lub feem pua ntawm cov muaj npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, tsim ib tug ntau ntawm cov tshiab tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv nrog nws harakteristikami.V nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov, lawv muab faib ua yam ntxwv thiab hluav taws xob.

• Lub Khoos Loos Tsev - muaj siab anticorrosion thiab lub dag lub zog yam ntxwv. Cov khoom ntawm lawv yog cov resistant mus txhoj puab heev media. Qhov no German nyiaj, npib tsib xee nyiaj thiab kunial. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog Monel, uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov proportions ntawm lub ntsiab yog sib txawv dog dig.
• Electro - mus tau nce hluav taws xob kuj thiab thermoelectric zog, lawv siv nyob rau hauv lub zog thiab hluav taws xob engineering. Nws constantan, manganin thiab Copel.

Paub txog cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees thiab lub cev tus yam ntxwv los mus txiav txim cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg neeg.

German nyiaj

Nws comprises kwv yees li 80% tooj liab, 20% npib tsib xee, raws li zoo raws li me ntsis hlau thiab manganese. Xws li ib tug hlau yog lub npe hu mus rau cov neeg txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III BC. e. hu ua "dawb tooj liab" vim lub teeb nyiaj nqaij daim tawv, uas tsa nyiaj. Nws muaj anti-xeb zog, thiab ib tug loj ntug kev ruaj ntseg thiab durability ntawm cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau. Melting point - roughly 1170 ° C. Zoo ductility tau ko khoom ntawm siab. Siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov capacitors, nws yog los ntawm kev kho mob seev, pheej yig hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cutlery, npib.

npib tsib xee nyiaj

Qhov no tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm zinc muaj ib tug silver xim nrog ib tug greenish Hawj txawm. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom yuav muaj txog li 35% ntawm cov npib tsib xee thiab mus txog rau 45% zinc, tus so - tooj liab. Tej khoom zinc cov ntsiab lus ho cov nqi ntawm nws cov ntau lawm. German nyiaj muaj kwv yees li tib yam txhua yam khoom raws li cov cupronickel. Nws yog resistant rau xeb, check, malleable txaus yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub kub thiab txias siab txoj kev.

Tej zaum ntxiv doped ua rau zoo machining. Mas vim nws manufactures Cheebtsam seev, nyob ua si thiab kev kho mob seev. Nws yog nthuav tias niaj hnub no vim hais tias ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj nqi vim hais tias ntawm nws ntau zaus tshaj German nyiaj, ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, medals thiab kev txiav txim. Npib tsib xee nyiaj kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua enamel.

Kunial

Nws muaj ib tug tooj liab puag npib tsib xee - 20%, me me ntxiv ntawm txhuas. Fused ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 1183 ° C ua raws li los ntawm quenching thiab laus tshaj tiav heev zog thiab kuj yuav tsis tshua muaj kub. Faib mus rau hauv qib A (MNA13-3) thiab B (6-1,5 mnÄ).
Hom A muaj ob tug tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv - siab zog thiab cim xeb kuj nyob rau hauv corrosive tej kev kawm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv hiav txwv dej, nws yuav ua rau decades. Yog li ntawd, ib tug hlau siv ua qhov chaw rau tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj (propellers).

Qib B muaj resilient lub zog, li ntawd, nws yog dav siv los tsim elastic ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm lo lus uas peb. Nws tseem yog heev resistant mus so nyob rau hauv lub txias. Los ntawm nws tsim yam ntxwv xeem khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj kub tej yam kev mob.

Monel

Nws muaj txog ob feem peb npib tsib xee thiab ib-feem-peb tooj liab. Melting point - 1350 ° C. Lub ntsiab khoom teejtug uas yog cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau - xeb kuj. Nws muaj txhua yam khoom - zog thiab yas deformation. Monel hom NMZhMts muaj txog 28% tooj liab, 3% hlau, hais txog 3% ntawm magnesium, ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cobalt thiab npib tsib xee.

Nws muaj tib lub yam ntxwv Monel-400. Nws yog ib hom tshuaj tshwj xeeb Co Corporation thiab patented nyob rau hauv 1906. Yog li ntawd, lwm yam raug tuam txhab uas muag siv tsis tau lub npe. Yog li ntawd, yog lwm alloy - Nicorros. Txawm li cas los, cov ntaub ntawv yeej zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tshuaj thiab kev harakteristikam.Tak lub alloy muaj ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov feem pua ntawm cov npib tsib xee, nws nqi yog theej siab. Txawm li cas los, muaj yog lub cuab yeej ntawm zus tau tej cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau siv raw cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso sulphide ores nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob tug hais, tsis muaj ua ntej kev sib cais mus rau hauv ib tug neeg pej xeem. Qhov no yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muag kawg.

Monel yog siv rau ntau lawm, ekspluatruemyh nyob rau hauv txhoj puab heev kev kawm nyob rau hauv siab txhua yam loading. Qhov no shipbuilding, tshuaj thiab cov roj kev lag luam, siv thiab ua cov kev kho mob seev, tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw ntawm cov cav tov thiab pab kiag li lawm.

constantan

Nws dawb dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim nrog ib tug yam ntxwv yellowish zib suab thaj. Muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj: -59% tooj liab; npib tsib xee - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Melting kub 1260 ° C. Qhov no tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub ntsiab vaj tse - thermal stability. Nws muaj zoo heev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob kuj ntawm ib tug tsawg kub expansion coefficient. Cov hlau yog rau zus tau tej cov thermocouple hlau, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua kev seev, raws li zoo raws li hluav taws xob cua kub hais tias khiav lag luam ntawm kub txog li 400-500 degrees.

Nyob ntawm tej ua los ntawm constantan, raug tshwj xeeb thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas tus hlau nto tsim tau ib cov nyias oxide zaj duab xis. Nrog cov yam khoom no tsis tau ntxiv lacquering los yog kev tiv thaiv txheej. Constantan yog heev yas. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse tso cai nws siv nyob rau hauv Vuam tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloys.

Lub disadvantage ntawm constantan yog nws haum siab EMF - txog 43 MV. Eliminates qhov no siv nyob ntawm tej thiab tapes ntawm nws nyob rau hauv high-precision xab seev.

manganin

Nws yog muaj txog 5% npib tsib xee, 12% manganese thiab tooj liab puag. Melting point - 960 ° C. Interestingly, lub manganin yog invented los ntawm American Edward Venstonom txog nyob rau hauv 1888 nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus lawv kuj yees constantan raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom siv rau lub windings ntawm hluav taws xob khoom siv. Nws muaj ib tug siab hluav taws xob resistivity thiab heev tsawg EMF paired nrog tooj liab (tsis ntau tshaj 1 MV), uas distinguishes nws los ntawm constantan.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo qhov kub thiab txias coefficient ntawm kuj manganovuyu hlau yog annealed ntawm kub ntawm txog 600 degrees nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab ces maj mam txias. Qhov no technology tso cai rau kom qhov kub thiab txias thaum uas ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas khaws nws cov hluav taws xob khoom mus txog 200 ° C. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub mob kauj hlau ntxiv dua rhuab rau 150 ° C. Qhov no achieves cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom cua laus, tom qab uas hloov nyob rau hauv lub crystalline qauv ntawm cov hlau yog tsis tshua.

Lub ntsiab cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm manganin zoo li cov ntaub ntawv uas nrog ruaj resistivity - raug ntau yam precision seev los ntsuas cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no (amperage, voltage, lub hwj chim).

Kopel

Lwm tshwj xeeb hlau. Nws muaj tooj liab, 43% npib tsib xee, me ntsis hlau thiab manganese. Melting kub 1290 ° C. Nrog rau qhov kev pom piv stably tsawg resistivity thiab siab TEDS paired nrog txawv hlau alloys siv rau qhov siv thiab ua hlau rau cov thermocouples thiab electrodes. Qhov taw qhia TEDS khoom qab nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau cov ua hauj lwm kev kub:

• nyob rau ntawm 100 degrees Celsius - 6,95V;
• ntawm 600 - 49B.

Copel heev thermally ruaj khov - tsis muaj puas tabkaum yooj yim zog mas tshav kub mus rau 600 degrees thiab yog resistant rau corrosion.
Copel thermocouple sensor yog siv nyob rau hauv pab kiag li lawm rau contactless kub ntsuas. Lub thermocouples yog siv nrog nyiaj pab ntau tshaj TEDS - chromium, tooj liab los yog hlau Cov ntsiab yog zoo electrodes thiab Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple yog siv mas nyob rau hauv pyrometry kev nruam xyuas ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv lub chav los ntawm 200 mus rau 600 degrees nyob rau hauv industrial thiab kuaj qhov chaw.

smelting txheej txheem

Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloys raws kuj zoo xws li cov technologies. Melchior, npib tsib xee nyiaj, kunial, constantan, manganin thawj melted nyob rau hauv ib tug induction cua sov nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav ncaig txaj calcined. Ntxiv rau qhov batch ntawm pov tseg yuav 80%.

Cov txheej txheem yuav pib nrog lub smelting ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee. Raws li lawv yaj lub ntxiv pov tseg loj chunks, ces zoo. Qhov kawg loaded zinc. Tom qab qhov kawg melting ntawm tus nqi ua deoxidized nrog manganese thiab silicon (npib tsib xee silver), los yog pob zeb ntais thiab manganese (constantan thiab npib tsib xee silver). Tom qab ntawd tshem tawm los ntawm lub qhuav nto thiab tag nrho cov slag yog ntxiv txawm charcoal. Sov lub hlawv loj mus rau ib tug kub ntawm txog 1300 ° C, ntxiv manganese chloride rau refining yog tias tsim nyog.

Txawv me ntsis ua noj ua haus cov txheej txheem kunialey vim hais tias lawv muaj txhuas. Ua ntej qhia txhuas nyob rau hauv lub qhuav yog yuav tsum tau mus ntxiv 0.1% manganese rau deoxidation. Tom qab dissolving lub txhuas yaj nto ywg dej flux. Yog hais tias qhov no yog tsis ua li cas, cov zaj duab xis tsim los ntawm uas cov yaj yuav unfit rau pouring.

Tshuaj, lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv zog txiav txim lo lus uas peb cheeb tsam sib txawv tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloys. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 thiab GOST 10155-75 qauv yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv lawv siv thiab ua.

nyiaj npib

Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem qhov txhia chaw pib mint npib ntawm tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog heev varied nyob rau hauv txawv mints. Tab sis mas nws muaj li 30% npib tsib xee, hlau me impurity thiab tooj liab raws li ib puag. Txij li thaum cov pa hlau rau npib yuav feem ntau zas, malleable, check thiab pheej yig, cov tswv yim txoj kev uas peb txiav txim siab nyob tus yeees ntawm cov kis hlau. Tom qab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov rau qhov siv thiab ua npib tsib xee nyiaj npib siv.

Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab npib no yog ua los ntawm txawv alloys. Nyob rau hauv kev, ua muaj npib tsib xee nyiaj npib muab ua ntej 2009. Steel npib ntawm ib thiab ob tug xees thiab tsib-ruble tooj liab coated nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm npib tsib xee nyiaj. Tej ntaub ntawv uas yog hu ua "bimetal". Yog li ntawd ntau thiab ntau txo tus nqi ntawm cov raug kev nws yog xim hlau nyiaj.

Alloys ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee, me ntsis raug rau saum huab cua oxidation. Yog li ntawd, nws cov tsos mob yuav pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub qub npib, los yog cov neeg uas tau ntev tau nyob rau hauv hostile ib puag ncig. Kws txawj, cov khoom muaj nqis zoov thiab npib siv rau lub tu ntawm lub nrws ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntau yam txhais tau tias - los ntawm nrov zaub mov txawv tshaj technologies.
Ntxuav nrog xab npum thiab dej tuskheej tsuas zoo ntsuab tooj liab oxides. Hos raws li cov roj txiv roj, acetic acid, cov nplej zom "Goya". Peb yuav tsum dais nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov cuab yeej yuav tsis tsuas tshem tawm cov quav hniav, tab sis kuj hnov mob nrog rau lawv tus kheej hlau, yuav ua kev puas tsuaj rau lub npib. Cov ntau npaum, maj mam thiab ceev ceev tu ntawm cov nyiaj npib yog ib tug tooj liab-npib tsib xee hlau los ntawm electrolysis.