Yuav ua li cas yog lub splints? Tus nqi ntawm obsolete lus

Seb hnub no yog feem ntau pom zoo li ib lo lus raws li ib tug txheem? Tsis yog, heev tsis tshua muaj. Qhov no yog to taub, vim hais tias lo lus yog xam tau tias yog obsolete thiab tsis muaj ib tug txawm paub nws tus nqi. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi splints? Peb piav qhia txog nram qab no.

Lawv nrov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Factories ua lawv twb nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub teb chaws thiab lub zos. Lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm ib tug peddler los yog ib tug mus ntsib mus rau kev ncaj ncees heev xyiv fab kev tshwm sim rau tag nrho tsev neeg. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua leej txhua tus yuav nrhiav tau nthuav cov khoom rau lawv tus kheej. Rau cov me nyuam - ib tug fairy taleas rau cov poj niam - tswv yim rau cov txiv neej - splints nrog cov dluab thiab cov dab neeg ntawm battles. Nrog rau cov laug cam cov neeg pib mus kawm ntau ntxiv txog lub ntiaj teb no thiab lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws. Tom qab tag nrho, ua ntej lawv tau ntau heev tshaj dua txwv nyob rau hauv no.

Lubok: lub ntsiab lus, kev nkag siab

Yog li, lub txheem (nyob rau hauv feem ntau txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lo lus) - ib yam ntawm cov pej xeem graphics, duab, kos duab nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm daim ntawv. Ib tug txawv feature yog qhov yooj yim ntawm tsav dluab. Qhov no hom Folk ua thawj nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm engraving tooj liab los yog xylographie thiab ces yog pleev xim rau los ntawm txhais tes. Lawv portrayed lawv nyob rau hauv lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm fairy tales thiab legends.

Qhov no lub npe yog muab los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb laug cam. Lawv hu ua phloem (li no lo lus "lawj"). Ua ntej rau lub laug cam pib ua dluab, lawv tseem siv tau rau zoo xws li cov hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, lawv ua lub kos duab, sau cov kev npaj. Thawj cov duab hu ua "fryazhskie los xij", thiab ces cias splints.
Lub ntsiab lus Lubkov nyob rau hauv thesauruses ambiguous. Piv txwv li, ib tug txheem - nws kuj yog ib tug phaj ntawm tshiab txheej ntawm tsob ntoo tawv ntoo. Hais tias yog, tus puab yog ib feem ntawm lub cortex, feem ntau cov tub ntxhais deciduous ntoo. Los ntawm nws feem ntau ua me me ntoo thawv, thawv.

Lwm lo lus uas peb nrov prints (lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus kom paub meej tias cov ntaub ntawv no) - kev pab nyob rau hauv lem. Qhov no lub npe yog ntawm ib tug log rau ib tug hais txuam cov pob txha. Yog li ntawd lawv hu thiab baskets, thawv ua los ntawm cov khoom no.

Feem ntau txheem txhais tau tias thiab txiv qaub board uas tom qab ua etching yuav tsum tau luam ntawv dluab. Tab sis tsawg npaum li cas lo lus muaj lub ntsiab lus raws li "cov ntaub ntawv" (pheej yig nrov ntaub ntawv). Tej hauj lwm uas txawv los ntawm huab simplicity, peb yuav hais - txheej thaum ub. Raws li xws li, lawv twb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tsim.

Tus nqi ntawm obsolete lus txheem yog tsis ib txwm siv rau imaging los yog raug baskets. Qhuav lubok kuj coated thiab ib lub ib feem ntawm lub ru tsev nyob rau hauv lub zos. Tab sis yuav tsum tau tsim nws yog tsim nyog los mus los ntawm ib co kev cob qhia rau xws splints. Thaum xub thawj nws tag nrho lub caij ntuj sov ntev qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, ces lim los ntawm lub txheej tuab ua kiav txhab, steamed thiab ces qhuav dua nyob rau hauv lub quab. Thiab ces lawv coj tawm ntawm lub hav zoov. Yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub ncua txoj hauj lwm.

Txhais rau lo lus txheem

Yog li ntawd, kev kawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus txheem, 4 lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv chav kawm ntawv yuav familiarization nrog lub synonymous. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab yog cov bast. Tawv - nws tseem yog ib feem ntawm lub puab cov tawv ntoo ntawm ib tug hluas tsob ntoo. Tseem es tsis muaj zog Podkoren. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas siv nyob rau hauv ntau cov khoom.

Cov nram qab no ntau (tab sis tsis tshua tau paub) synonymous - agitlubok. Agitlubok - nws yog ib yam txheem, tab sis, nrog kev dag nyob lub kaum sab xis. Nws dluab thiab ntau intelligibly oo tin, thiab lawv hu rau dab tsi.

Lwm me ntsis-paub yaj - balagurnik. Balagurnik - nws tsis yog ib daim duab, ib tug txheem nrog luag duab, muaj ib co satire los yog caricature.

Nyob rau hauv ntau scientific ntsiab lus uas txheem tsuas hu ua phloem. Yog hais tias peb coj raws li tus nqi tsis Tawv, tab sis raws li nws yog ib daim duab, nws yog feem ntau hu ua nyob rau hauv lub niaj zaus - daim duab.

Keeb kwm txheem zoo li graphics

Splints originated nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Kom txog rau thaum lub yim xyoo pua, lawv muaj siab siv los ntawm txhais tes, thiab tsuas yog txij li thaum nws pib mus nqa lawv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm engraving. Tom ntej no txheem nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Tom qab ntawd nws tau pib yuav tsum tau nqa tawm chiv nyob rau hauv lub woodcut txheej txheem. Woodcuts - nws yog Engraving rau cov ntoo. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib ntxiv mus rau lub engraving tooj liab thiab lithographs. Lithography - ib tug tuabneeg duab nrog ib yam dab tsi ncaj nraim rau ntawm daim ntawv. Tam sim ntawd splints yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug dog dig duab tab sis kuj raws li kev dag los yog advertising khoom. Qhov no yog pab los ntawm lawv cov simplicity thiab clarity.

Muaj kuj splints thiab phem cov ntsiab lus. Lawv nrov mas nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, tab sis poob nyob rau hauv Russia. Mas los ntawm Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees.

ubiquity

Xav txog dab tsi splints nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub Orientals. Nws cov xim muaj zog npaum li cas. Thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nws pib mus rau yuav tsum tau kos nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm comics.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVI-XVII centuries nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ib co "fryazhskie los xij" los yog "German kev lom zem los xij." Ntawm no, cov duab ua rau tshwj xeeb cov laug cam, hu ua phloem. Lawv pib tshwm tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov laug cam nrog cov dluab, tab sis kuj pleev xim rau hauv cov txheej txheem no ducts thiab thawv. Tsis tas li ntawd tau ntsib thiab daim ntawv splints.

Splints nyob rau hauv Russia twb haum thoob plaws, raws li tus nqi yog pheej yig, ntsia zoo nkauj. Tej cov ntawv txheeb tau ua, thiab kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lom zem luag hauj lwm. Nws yog rau lawv mus tag nrho tam sim no thiab npe hu rau peb zog, cov phau ntawv comic, daim qhia hnub hli.

plots

Chiv, kev kawm rau nrov prints twb tes sau dab neeg, ib co qhov ncauj dab neeg, fairy tales thiab epics. Thaum kawm pib noj ntawm txawv teb chaws tej hauj lwm thiab anthologies. Lawv raug coj los ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm sau ntawv xws li Goethe thiab Radcliffe.

By kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nws tau ua ntau nrov dluab rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm dawb huv Vajluskub, los yog portraits uas nto moo nuj nqis thiab statesmen. Cov duab pib ua lag luam ntau no: lub ntsiab lus. Txawm yog hais tias nws tsis yog dag, nws tseem ris ib co lus qhia. Feem ntau cov no twb yooj yim illustrations rau fairy tales los yog nroog duab.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nrov prints

Lub ntsiab lus txheem yog multifaceted thiab ntau haiv neeg, thiab nws cov views yuav mus nyob rau ib ntev lub sij hawm:

• Sab ntsuj plig (kev cai dab qhuas) - cov duab, zoo ib yam li cov icons. Lawv kuj yuav xwm zaj lus piv txwv los yog ib txhia cov lus qhuab qhia.
• Xav tsis thoob - li ib txwm piv txwv txog ntau yam tales. Dluab ntawm heroes, Wizards.
• Nyiaj so koobtsheej - oddly txaus, tab sis qhov no hom ntawm splints yog xwm li ntseeg thiab tsis ntau festivals.
• Philosophical - zoo li sab ntsuj plig, tiam sis tsis kev cai dab qhuas.
• Keeb kwm - kawm coj los ntawm cov keeb kwm. Nws portrayed raws li lub sib ntaus sib tua, cia li lub keeb kwm cov txheej xwm ntawm lub nroog. Tej zaum txawm topographic maps.
• Raws li txoj cai - tsev hais plaub ntawm lub duab.
• Cavalry - nyob rau hauv xws splints portrayed lub caij nees.
• Balagurnik - tas lauv satirnye duab.

Lub ntau lawm thiab siv Lubkov

Qhuav ntawm nrov prints twb koom engravers. Lawv kuj hu ua "fryazhskie carving craftsmen." lub sij hawm "znamenovanie" muaj cov cov neeg no. Yog li ntawd nws hu ua tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kos thiab painting duab. Yog li ntawd, txoj hauj lwm yog feem ntau yog qhia. Hais tias yog, ua ntej Znamenshchikov inflicted nqus nws tus kheej, thiab ces tus engraver muaj nws txiav ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau cov ntaub ntawv uas. Tau tshwm sim los ib lub sij hawm xws li "hloov". Li ntawd, kuv hu ua li Lubkov.

Cov tsim txoj kev yog raws li nram no: nyob rau hauv lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib ua ntej nrog ib tug cwj mem drawing thov nws tus kheej, thiab ces ib tug riam tob cov chaw uas yuav tsum tau yuav dawb. Lubricated board thiab ces nias down mus nias daim ntawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tseem nyob dub ntaem ntawm daim duab.

Tom ntej no splints tau pleev xim rau. Heev feem ntau qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov me nyuam. Nqe txheem depended, ntawm chav kawm, los ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tau ua. Yuav ua li cas yog lub splints rau lub pheej yig tshaj thiab grey daim ntawv? Lawv hu ua "prostovikami".

Thaum lub sij hawm, ntau lawm technology los mus txhim kho thiab zoo meej. Lawv pib tshwm tsis yog engravers thiab nyuab thiab engravers. Lawv pib ua hauj lwm rau tooj liab daim hlau nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej cuab yeej. Qhov no pab ntxiv rau cov duab ib tug ntau ntawm qhov chaw me me thiab paub meej.

Qhuav nyob rau hauv Russia

thawj Hoobkas tau yug los nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws ua hauj lwm ib tug ntau ntawm cov cav tov, thiab splints tau ua nyob rau hauv loj naj npawb. Nqe yog txawv (los ntawm ib nrab ib tug Penny, mus rau nees nkaum-tsib xees).

Vim zus tau tej cov pheej yig nrov dluab nyob, thiab tshiab professions. Piv txwv li, "tsvetalschiki". Xws li tus neeg tab xim ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb Lubkov rau ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, muab ib tug heev ntau ntawm cov nyiaj. Industrialization yog tsis ntev nyob rau hauv los, thiab lub profession nyob ntev txij li thaum pib tshwm lithography machine.

chaw Lubkov

Tus thawj loj vim li cas rau qhov no universal hlub yog tias nrov prints nqa ib phau ntawv muaj nuj nqi thiab cov phau ntawv uas twb muab tsis cuag dog dig tus neeg thiab heev kim. Lawv tsis tsuas yog qhia, tab sis kuj tau txais kev pab raws li ib yam ntawm cov ntawv tseeb, raws li lawv muaj feem ntau retold epics, tales, qhov ncauj legends.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, splints tau txais kev pab thiab ntaub ntawv qhov chaw xws li cov ntawv xov xwm los yog flyers. Nyob rau cov laug cam yog feem ntau yuav ua tau kom pom tias pab tau lub tswv yim rau cov tshuaj, los yog cia li kev lom zem dluab rau lawv tus cuav xwm.

Muaj ntau nrov prints tau ua heev skilfully thiab zoo nkauj heev. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsev.

censorship

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab lub fact tias censorship nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tau yeej ib txwm tau zoo txuam nrog rau kev ua hauj lwm thiab ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej koj yuav ua ib tug txheem, cov duab nws tus kheej yuav tsum tau muab mus soj ntsuam nyob rau censor. Yog hais tias cov duab tsis dhau nws, yeej ib txwm nco ntsoov qhia yog vim li cas hais tias cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus muaj peev xwm kho thiab sim koj hmoov dua. Tsuas yog tom qab tag nrho cov kev tso cai (tsis yog drawings, tab sis kuj tas txheem) Chaw tsim tshuaj paus yuav tau txais qhov tsim nyog daim ntawv tso cai rau kev tso tawm. Thiab txawm ces, nws twb tsis tau tshaj ib lub li cas. Tso bast duab twb yeej ib txwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau muab cia rau hauv lub publisher. Nyob rau txhua tshiab tawm ntawm kev muaj ua thiab ntaub ntawv tshiab.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau censors kho spelling kom raug. Tab sis tej zaum zoo li no hais tias tus duab tsis sib haum mus rau Lavxias teb sab mentality thiab sawv. Ua txhaum cov kev cai ntawm kev qhuab qhia.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub nyoog

Nws yog muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias nrov sau style yog tsis nco qab lawm los hnub no. Muaj coob tus neeg paub hais tias xws li splints. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv daim duab, tsim. Muaj ntau nqa zog thiab daim qhia hnub hli nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm niaj hnub no. Nws ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev cob qhia rau cov kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd kawm tau li cas rau txheem txheej txheem yog tau thiab nyob rau hauv kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab tus kws txawj txua khw.

Kwvhuam ntawm antiquity yeej tsis nco qab lawm, nrog rau cov lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus txheem. Txawm tias lawv yog zoo tuaj nrog ib tug niaj hnub twist.