Amines - ib tug ... Qauv, khoom, amines cov chav kawm

Amines tuaj mus rau hauv peb lub neej poob nthav. Kom txog rau thaum nyuam qhuav, nws yog tshuaj lom, kev sib tsoo uas yuav ua rau tuag. Thiab tam sim no, tom qab ib nrab ib xyoo pua, peb muaj kev koom siv hluavtaws fibers, textiles, tsev ntaub ntawv, dyes, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv amines. Tsis yog, lawv tsis ua kev ruaj ntseg, yog cov neeg lawv twb muaj peev xwm "nyeg" thiab cov kev kawm, extracting ib co kev pab rau lawv tus kheej. Hais txog dab tsi nws yog, thiab peb yuav tham ntxiv lawm.

txhais

Amines - yog organic tebchaw derived ntawm ammonia molecules nyob rau hauv uas hydrogen yog hloov los ntawm hydrocarbon radicals. Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav mus txog plaub ntawm ib lub sij hawm. Lub configuration thiab tus xov tooj ntawm radicals lwg me me txiav txim lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm amines. Dhau li hydrocarbons, xws tebchaw comprise uas muaj ntxhiab los yog aliphatic radicals, los yog thaum lawv tseem thereof. Lub txwm ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv yog muaj RN-moiety, nyob rau R - yog ib tug organic pab pawg neeg.

kev faib

Tag nrho cov amines yuav muab faib ua peb pawg loj:

1. Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus hydrocarbon radical.
2. Los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm radicals txuas mus rau cov nitrogen atom.
3. Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm cov amino pawg (mono-, di-, tri -, etc ...).

Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li aliphatic amines los yog txawj, uas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm methylamine thiab methylethylamine. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj ntxhiab - piv txwv li, aniline los yog phenylamine. Cov npe neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thib ob pab pawg neeg yog ncaj qha mus txog rau tus nqi ntawm hydrocarbon radicals. Yog li, cais thawj amines (muaj ib tug nitrogen pab pawg neeg), theem nrab (muaj ob tug nitrogen pawg nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog ntau yam organic pawg) thiab tertiary (correspondingly muaj peb nitrogen pawg). Lub npe ntawm cov pab pawg neeg tertiary hais lus rau lawv tus kheej.

Nomenclature (lub tsim ntawm lub title)

Yuav kom muab lub hauv compound lub npe mus rau lub npe ntawm cov organic pab pawg neeg uas binds rau nitrogen, ntxiv cov prefix "amine", thiab cov pab pawg lawv tus kheej yog hais nyob rau hauv alphabetical kev txiav txim, piv txwv li: metilprotilamin los yog methyldiphenylamine (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, "di" qhia hais tias tus compound muaj ob tug radicals phenyl). Tso cai rau yuav lub npe, lub hauv paus uas yog cov pa roj carbon, thiab sawv cev rau ib tug amino pab pawg neeg raws li ib tug substituent. Ces txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws cov Performance index yog txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub los neeg, rau Piv txwv li, CH ₃ CH ₂ CH (NH ₂₎ CH ₂ CH _3. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub saum toj txoj cai ces kaum ntawm lub daim duab qhia cov ordinal tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon.

Ib txhia ntawm cov tebchaw tseem khaws tsis tseem ceeb, zoo-paub simplified cov npe xws li aniline, piv txwv li. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib co ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav tau raws li tej uas lawv tau incorrectly twv lub npe uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog systematic, vim hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg nyob deb ntawm science, nws yog yooj yim dua thiab ntau yooj yim sib txuas lus thiab to taub txhua lwm yam

lub zog

Cov theem nrab amine, zoo li ib tug thawj, muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev hydrogen bonds ntawm lub lwg me me, tab sis yog ib nyuag weaker dua li ib txwm. Qhov tseeb qhia txog lub siab kub (saum toj no ib puas degrees) xam qhovkev amines, raws li muab piv nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw muaj ib tug zoo li molecular ceeb thawj. Tertiary amine, vim tsis muaj NH-pawg tsis muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm hydrogen tsevneeg, yog li pib rhaub twb nyob rau eighty-cuaj degrees Celsius.

Thaum chav tsev kub (kaum-yim - nees nkaum degrees Celsius) xwb qis aliphatic amines yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov chav. Qhov nruab nrab nyob rau hauv ib lub kua hauv lub xeev, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws - nyob rau hauv cov khoom. Tag nrho amines cov chav kawm muaj ib qho kev tsis hnov tsw. Lub sab organic radicals nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv, li ntawd, nws yog ntau kom meej meej los ntawm suab ntxhiab dua losis tebchaw mus ntses nruab nrab thiab sab stinking ammonia.

Lub amines yuav tsim muaj zog hydrogen bonds nrog dej, piv txwv li lawv yog cov zoo soluble nyob rau ntawd. Qhov ntau lub molecule yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hydrocarbon radical, tsawg soluble.

tshuaj zog

Raws li nws yog ib zajlus kom xav tias, amines - yog derivatives ntawm ammonia, thiab chaw pib lub zog lawv cov zoo sib xws. Muaj roughly peb hom tshuaj cov kev sib tshuam uas yog tau nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw.

1. Ua ntej, xav txog lub zog ntawm cov amines lub hauv paus. Lub sab (aliphatic) sib xyaws nrog dej lwg me me muab ib tug alkaline ras txog. Daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim rau ib tug neeg uas pub cov-acceptor mechanism, vim lub fact tias nitrogen muaj ib tug unpaired electron. Los ntawm reacting tag nrho amines nrog acids los tsim ntsev. Qhov no yog ib cov khoom, mas dej-soluble tshuaj. Aromatic amines muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog puag zog, txij thaum lawv unshared electron khub yog txav mus rau benzene nplhaib thiab ua num ua ke nrog nws cov electrons.
2. Oxidation. Ib tug tertiary amine yog oxidized yooj yim sib xyaws nrog rau oxygen nyob rau hauv atmospheric cua. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov amines yuav cig los ntawm ib tug qhib nplaim taws (tsis zoo li ammonia).
3. Sis nrog cov pa roj nitrous acid yog siv nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug amine, txij li thaum cov khoom ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov organic pawg tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub molecule:

• qis thawj amines tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alcohols;
• uas muaj ntxhiab thawj zoo xws li cov tej yam kev mob muab phenols;
• theem nrab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv nitroso tebchaw (raws li evidenced los ntawm cov yam ntxwv tsis hnov tsw);
• tertiary daim ntawv ntsev uas yuav raug rhuav tshem sai sai, yog li tus nqi ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog.

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm aniline

Aniline yog ib tug compound muaj lub zog xam qhovkev rau ob qho tib si ib tug amino pab pawg neeg thiab benzenes. Qhov no yog piav los ntawm tus kev sib nrig sib cawv ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, ib tug benzene nplhaib tsis muaj zog txog yooj yim (m. E. Alkaline) aniline ces nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Lawv txo tshaj aliphatic amines thiab ammonia. Tiam sis nyob rau lwm cov tes, thaum lub amino pab pawg muaj ib tug ntxim rau cov benzene nplhaib, nws yuav nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, ntau yam kom nquag plias thiab nkag mus rau rau hauv hloov tshua.

Rau qhov zoo thiab ntau kev txiav txim ntawm aniline tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj los yog siv tshuaj tiv thaiv uas bromine dej, nyob rau hauv uas lub qab kawg ntawm lub raj dawb precipitate ntawm 2,4,6-tribromanilina.

Amines nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Amines muaj nyob thoob plaws qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov vitamins, cov tshuaj hormones, intermediate khoom ntawm metabolism, thiab lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum cov hniav lwj uas muaj sia nyob tseem yuav tau txais ib theem amines, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub kua hauv lub xeev yog kis phem tsis hnov tsw herring brine. Lug piav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv "neeg tuag tshuaj lom" nyob ua tsaug rau qhov kev tsis hnov tsw ntawm amines.

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm peb pom tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw meej pem nrog ammonia vim hais tias ntawm lub zoo xws li tsw. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-puas tawm xyoo dhau Fabkis chemist Wurtz yuav coj los ua ke methylamine thiab ethylamine, thiab ua pov thawj hais tias lawv emit thaum hlawv hydrocarbons. Qhov no yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm lub tebchaw hais ammonia.

Kev npaj ntawm amines nyob rau hauv industrial tej yam kev mob

Txij li thaum lub nitrogen atom nyob rau hauv amines yog nyob rau hauv ib tug qis oxidation lub xeev, rov qab ntawm nitrogen-muaj tebchaw yog feem ntau yooj yim thiab siv tau txoj kev rau lawv cov kev npaj. Nws yog thoob plaws nyob rau hauv industrial xyaum vim hais tias ntawm nws cov cheapness.

Tus thawj txoj kev yog tus yuav txo tau ntawm nitro tebchaw. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm uas tus tsim aniline yog lub npe hu ua ib tus paub txog Zinin thiab nyob rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-puas tawm xyoo dhau. Qhov thib ob hom yog es amides siv lithium txhuas hydride. Los ntawm nitriles yog tseem tau mus rau restore thawj amines. Peb Embodiment - alkylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, i.e. cov kev taw qhia ntawm alkyl pawg mus rau lub ammonia molecule.

Kev siv cov amines

Lawv tus kheej, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntshiab tshuaj, amines yog siv me ntsis. Ib tug ntawm ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm - polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) uas nyob rau hauv ib tug domestic chaw tswj lub hardening ntawm lub epoxy cob. Yeej, cov thawj, theem nrab los yog tertiary amine - nws yog intermediate nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntau yam organic tshuaj. Cov feem nrov yog aniline. Nws - lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug loj palette ntawm aniline dyes. Cov xim uas yuav tig tawm nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov xaiv cov ntaub ntawv uas. Ntshiab aniline muab ib tug xiav xim, thiab ib tug sib tov ntawm aniline, ortho- thiab para-toluidine yuav liab.

Aliphatic amines yuav tsum tau rau qhov kev npaj ntawm polyamides, xws li nylon thiab lwm yam khoom cua fibers. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering, li zoo raws li nyob rau qhov siv thiab ua ropes, fabrics thiab films. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, aliphatic diizotsinaty siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua polyurethanes. Vim hais tias ntawm nws cov exceptional zog (lightness, lub dag lub zog, yooj thiab muaj peev xwm ua raws li tag nrho cov txee) lawv yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho (ua npuas ncauj, kua nplaum) thiab nyob rau hauv lub khau kev lag luam (npleem ib).

Tshuaj - lwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas amines yog siv. Science News for KIDS pab ua ke rau hauv ib lub pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob sulfonamides, uas yog ntse siv raws li ob-line tshuaj, piv txwv li thaub qab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab mob tsim kuj mus yooj yim tshuaj.

Teeb meem los rau tib neeg lub cev

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias amines - qhov no yog ib tug heev tshuaj lom tshuaj. Raug mob tej zaum yuav ua kom muaj kev sis raug zoo nrog lawv: nqus tau pa ntawm vapors, hu nrog qhib daim tawv nqaij los yog ingress sib txuas hauv lub cev. Tuag no tshwm sim los ntawm tsis muaj oxygen, thiaj li amines (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog aniline) uake rau hemoglobin nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab tsis txhob muab nws mus ntes molecules ntawm oxygen. Alarming cov tsos mob yog ua tsis taus pa, xiav nasolabial daim duab peb sab thiab cov ntsis ntiv tes, tachypnea (sai ua tsis taus pa), tachycardia, tsis nco qab.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub raug qhov chaw ntawm lub cev yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm sai sai rau lawv cov paj rwb yav tas los dipped nyob rau hauv dej cawv. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua raws li no kom zoo zoo li uas sai tau thiaj li tsis ua rau kom cov cheeb tsam ntawm kis kab mob. Yog hais tias muaj yog cov tsos mob ntawm lom - nco ntsoov sab laj ib tug kws kho mob.

Aliphatic amines - ib tug tshuaj lom mus rau saum lub paj hlwb thiab kab systems. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub siab thiab nws degeneration thiab txawm mob cancer ntawm lub zais zis kab mob.