Ammonia yog antipode thiab analog ... ntawm dej?

Tsis paub hnov tsw ntawm cov roj no - koj tuaj yeem hnov nws yog tias koj qhib lub thawv nrog ammonia. Ib yam dab tsi txog nws thaj chaw peb tau qhia rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws kuj paub tias nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam: nws yog nyob rau hauv nws hais tias nws yog yooj yim tig cov nitrogen, uas yog li tsis nyiam nkag mus rau tshuaj lom neeg. Ammonia - qhov no yog thawj taw tes uas yuav pib zus tau tej cov ntau nitrogen tebchaw: ntau yam nitrites thiab nitrates, explosives thiab aniline dyes, pharmaceuticals thiab yas ...

Cov lus qhia luv luv

Lub npe ntawm yam khoom no yog los ntawm Greek "hals ammoniakos", uas txhais tau hais tias ammonia. Lub tshuaj molecule ntawm ammonia yog ib hom ntawm pyramid, nyob rau sab saum toj uas muaj ib tug nitrogen atom, thiab nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus - peb cov atoms hydrogen. Cov mis no yog NH3. Raws li ib txwm ua, ammonia yog ib co tsis muaj kob uas muaj roj tsw qab, muaj ntxhiab tsw. Nws ceev ntawm -33,35 ° C (boiling kub) sib npaug zos rau 0,681 g / cm ^3. Thiab cov tshuaj no yaj tuaj tom -77.7 ° C. Cov qaub ncaug ntawm ammonia yog 17 grams ib mole. Qhov siab ntawm 0.9 MPa ua rau ammonia rau daim ntawv cog lus ntawm tsev sov. Tau txais nws nyob rau hauv lub lag luam nyob rau hauv siab ntawm catalytic synthesis ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen. Kua ammonia - ib tug heev concentrated chiv refrigerant. Kev kho mob yuav tsum tau noj nrog lub yeeb tshuaj, raws li nws yog ib qho lom thiab tawg heev.

Cov ntsiab lus tseeb

Cov kua dej cawv ammonia muaj qhov txawv txav thaj chaw. Outwardly nws tsa dej yooj yim. Zoo li H ₂ O, nws yog txig yaj ntau organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Feem ntau cov ntsev hauv nws dissociate thaum yaj hauv ions. Tib lub sij hawm, cov tshuaj lom neeg, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej, tshwm sim hauv nws txawv txawv.

Cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov lus qhia no ua rau lub tswv yim hais tias kua ammonia yog ib qho tshwj xeeb rau kev ua kom paub txog tej yam kev sib pauv hloov uas yog cov tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov kev daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li:

2AgCl + kav ywm (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2} = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl _2.

Vim hais tias NH ₃ yog muaj zog proton acceptor, acetic acid, txawm lub fact tias nws yog suav tias yog tsis muaj zog, nws prodissotsiiruet nkaus, cia li raws li lub zog acid. Ntawm loj tshaj kev txaus siab yog kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov kua ammonia alkali hlau. Thaum ntxov li 1864, chemists pom tias yog lawv tau muab qee lub sij hawm, ammonia yuav evaporate, thiab hauv cov txo yuav ua ntshiab hlau. Yuav luag yog ib yam uas muaj tshwm sim los ntawm cov dej daws cov kua ntsev. Qhov txawv yog hais tias alkali hlau, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug me me, tab sis tseem react nrog ammonia, resulting nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ntsev amides:

2No + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H2.

Cov tom kawg yog cov tshuaj ruaj khov heev, tab sis thaum lawv tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej lawv tam sim ntawd disintegrate:

NaNH2 + H20 = NH3 + NaOH.

Thaum kawm cov khoom ntawm cov kua ammonia, chemists tau kos kom paub tseeb tias thaum twg cov hlau tawg hauv nws, qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj ua loj dua. Tshaj li, nws qhov txo nws qis nrog qhov no. Qhov no yog lwm qhov txawv ntawm qhov hnyav nug thiab dej qub. Nws nyuab ntseeg, tab sis cov kua tshuaj kua thiab cov kua dej ntawm cov dej alkali hauv cov kua ammonia tsis sib tov, txawm tias qhov tseeb ntawd cov hlau nyob hauv ob leeg yog tib yam! Ua tsaug rau cov kev sim, cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov pov thawj tau pom los ntawm qhov ua tau. Yog li, nws twb pom hais tias khov nyob rau hauv cov kua ammonia tov ntawm sodium yog heev me me tsis kam, thiab li no, NH ₃ yuav siv tau los ua superconducting system. Nws tsis yog xav tsis thoob hais tias qhov roj thiab nws cov kev daws teeb meem tseem yog kev xav rau lub hlwb ntawm ob tus kws kho mob thiab cov kws tshuaj.