Aster tsev neeg (Asteraceae): cov yam ntxwv, cov duab, thiab cov neeg sawv cev

Cov lus nug yuav tsum yog ib yam ntawm cov coob cov tsev neeg ntawm cov dicotyledons - Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Yog tsis muaj noticing, peb yuav ntsib nrog nws cov neeg sawv cev yuav luag txhua txhua hnub - nyob rau hauv tsev, nyob rau hauv lub chav ua noj, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev. Paj Aster tsev neeg yog zaum cov feem ntau ntau nyob rau hauv peb lub paj txaj thiab lub vaj, thiab nws yog ib feem chav ua noj tsis muaj sunflower roj.

Aster tsev neeg: general yam ntxwv

Cov tsev neeg muaj xws li ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev yug me nyuam, tsis yooj yim yuav muab ib tug yam li daim duab, nws yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 1100 mus 1300, thiab ntau tshaj 20,000 hom Feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag pollinated los ntawm kab. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm tis yog dav txaus, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsev neeg no yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov climatic aav: los ntawm kub thiab noo tropics rau tus mob khaub thuas tundra, siab nyob rau hauv lub roob thiab nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub seas. Lawv loj hlob rau lub fertile dub av nyob rau hauv cov suab puam sands. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm hom muab Astrov sab economic daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub neej.

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, uas muaj xws li cov tsev neeg Asteraceae - ib tug complex inflorescence - ib lub pob tawb uas muaj ntau me me thiab inconspicuous paj, tab sis ua ke lawv ua li ib tug heev impressive duab.

Tus qauv ntawm lub paj

Lub npe ntawm lub inflorescence raws li nws hais rau nws tus kheej: ib lub pob tawb, ces muaj yog ib tug tej yam muaj peev xwm, uas yog yog daim ntau quav tso. Peev Xwm - yog ncua mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub peduncle, tej zaum nws yuav tiaj tus, convex los yog concave. Cia li saum toj no rau nws, thiab muaj ntau heev heev me me paj. Thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov nyob puag ncig los ntawm ib tug los yog ntau tshaj kab ntawm bracts. Tag nrho cov paj ntawm lub tsev neeg yog muab faib ua tsib hom:

• Tubular, feem ntau androgynous thiab tsawg npaum li cas gay. Nws muaj tus duab ntawm ib tug raj uas ncua mus rau thaum xaus los yog muaj ib tug limb.
• Lozhnoyazychkovye paj - lawv raug tsim los ntawm Jointing lub peb petals thiab muaj tib lub xov tooj ntawm cov hniav pov tseg nyob rau saum toj ntug.
• Reed - Corolla zoo muaj ib tug luv luv lub raj uas thim ntawm lub suab, fused ua ke. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv muaj tsib Stamens thiab ib tug pistil.
• Funnelform - paj asymmetrical zoo, genderless, raws li ntev Corolla raj yog xav kho kom zoo nyob rau thaum kawg (funnel).
• Ob-lipped paj - Corolla raj ntev txaus, thiab nws yog khoov duav los ntawm ob tabs (daim di ncauj). Tej zaum yuav tib yam-los yog bisexual.

Yog hais tias peb siv rau kev piv txwv, tib paj noob hlis, tag nrho cov ntawm peb yog accustomed rau perceive nws raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lush thiab zoo nkauj paj. Tab sis qhov no yog kiag li tsis ncaj ncees lawm los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm botany. Txij li thaum nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws yog ib tug inflorescence, uas muaj ntau tshaj li 1,000 tus neeg me me paj (tubular), thiab dav petals thiab kaj txiv kab ntxwv los yog daj - ib tug kav tauj paj. Kuj ceeb tias complex thiab ilv lub koom haum, qhov kev xav mus rau lub me tshaj kom meej.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg muaj cov nram qab mis paj:

* Ca _{(0, fused)} Co ₍₅₎ A ₍₅₎ G _(2).

Nws yog raug rau tag nrho tsev neeg Asteraceae. Formula paj deciphered raws li nram no: bisexual paj muaj ob peb dav hlau ntawm symmetry, calyx, Corolla ntawm tsib tej nplaim, Stamens 5, ob pistil, zes qe menyuam tshaj lawv.

Tus qauv ntawm daim nplooj thiab hauv paus

Tus qauv ntawm lub nplooj ntoos yuav tsum hais tias tsuas nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav, raws li nws yog ib tug loj heev pab pawg neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog muab los ntawm ntau yam lub neej cov ntaub ntawv. Sunflower noob, burdock, nroj tsuag, asters thiab zinnias, Jerusalem artichokes, tsob ntoo zoo, yarrow, Gerberas thiab ntau lwm yam - tag nrho cov Aster tsev neeg. Ib tug general yam ntxwv yog hais tias lub arrangement ntawm nplooj, feem ntau tsis tu ncua, tab sis tej zaum yuav ib txhij los ntawm opposite sab. Lub qhov ntev thiab qhov zoo sib txawv ntau tshaj ib tug dav heev ntau yam los ntawm ib tug ob peb millimeters mus txog 2-3 meters. Venation cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg feem ntau pinnate. Cov nplooj yuav ua tau pubescent, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hnyav mas nws txawv, ntau yam nroj tsuag muaj pos.

Lub hauv paus yog zoo tsim thiab feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ib tug pivotal qauv (zoo-tsim taproot thiab ntau paranasal). Piv txwv li, nws yog txaus yuav tau nco qab cov raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg - dandelion, nrog nws thiab nws cov hauv paus hniav system paub kom ntau. Thiab cov kev hloov yuav tsum nyeem tas nrog reminiscent tuber, piv txwv li ntawm burdock.

Yuav ua li cas txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog cov nroj tsuag Aster tsev neeg?

Asteraceae (Asteraceae) yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo achenes. Nws yog qhuav, lub noob muaj ib tug. Pericarp thiab uas thaum siav tseem tsis tau tawg. Thoob plaws kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv achene txawv cov plaub mos mos, qhov uas yog thawj hooks, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau kom kis ntawm noob nyob rau hauv cov cua (dandelion, wormwood), nrog rau cov tsiaj los yog tib neeg lub khaub ncaws (series, burdock).

Asteraceae lub neej daim ntawv

Lub neej ntaub ntawv yog sawv cev yuav luag nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thiab qhov no yog feem ntau vim ib tug loj loj muab faib rau cheeb tsam, tab sis tseem bitmap (Asteraceae) - nws yog feem ntau herbaceous nroj tsuag (txhua xyoo los yog perennial). Qhov ntev sib txawv nyob rau hauv ib ntau yam - los ntawm heev me me rau giant cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob peb meters siab.

Muaj ntau hom yog lov tas vau los yog fab heev impressive loj (txog li 5-8 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab). Piv txwv li, melampodium hav iav, haiv neeg los ntub, marshy forests ntawm Louisiana nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Lub bitmap tsev neeg muaj cov neeg sawv cev thiab ntawm cov ntoo, tab sis yog lawv yog cov tag nrho cov inhabitants ntawm lub yav qab teb ntug. Piv txwv li, skaleziya nyob rau hauv lub Galapagos Islands tuaj, uas yuav ncav cuag 20 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, tab sis nws yog teb, thiab qhov ntau nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv tej ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Los yog cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub genus brachylaena los ntawm South Africa. Giant ntoo ntoo, uas muaj ib tug muaj zog txaus ntoo resistant mus rau rot, rau cov uas nws mas muaj nuj nqis.

Nyob rau alpine meadows ntawm New Zealand haatsiya pushkovidnaya ntaub ntawv ib tug tag nrho thickets. Qhov no tsob ntoo qauv uas tuab ntaub pua plag npog ib nrab ib Meter nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab txaus loj heev cheeb tsam (ib tug nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm loj hlob rau ob meters nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla).

Pom ntawm cov hmab Asteraceae (mica, Mutisya), succulents thiab txawm ib tug tsawg daim ntawv ntawm lub neej raws li ib tug tumbleweed (Centaurea diffusa, asteriscus ntsias).

Feeb ntau, tag nrho cov tsev neeg Asteraceae raug muab faib ua ob subfamilies: trubkotsvetnye thiab reed.

Subfamily bitmap (trubkotsvetnye)

Feem coob ntawm cov xim - tubular. Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag no muaj tshaj li ib txhiab tiam thiab ntau tshaj nees nkaum pab pawg neeg (taxonomic qib nyob rau hauv botany, uas yog qis tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov tsev neeg, tab sis ntau txiav txim). Piv txwv li, lub npe nrov tshaj - ib tug bitmap, kalendulovye, paj noob hlis, anthemideae, tageteae thiab lwm tus neeg.

Subfamily chicory (los yog latukovye)

Lawv ob title ntawm tus nplaig, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub yav dhau los tsev neeg muaj no tsuas muaj xya pab pawg neeg, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm no hais txog ob puas - ib tug me me ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm cov nroj tsuag teej tug mus rau lub tsev neeg Asteraceae. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chicory loj hlob nyob zoo txhua sab av loj, peb lub teb chaws nto moo tshaj plaws saib - yog chicory, zoo kawg li kaj xiav paj thiab nws kis zoo li ib tug maj. Cuaj kaum, tus nroj tsuag yog ib tug zoo zib ntab nroj, thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus hauv paus kas fes.

Aster tsev neeg: tus nqi noj haus

Case kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg no tau ntev lawm nrov nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus, cov nto moo tshaj plaws piv txwv - ib tug paj noob hlis oilseed. Nws teb - North America. Nws ntse acclimatized nyob rau hauv peb cheeb tsam, thiab tam sim no cov paj noob hlis yog zus nyob rau hauv ib tug coj mus muag teev. Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm nws - yog, ntawm chav kawm, sunflower roj. Tab sis dhau ntawd ua noob, hydrogenated roj (tallow, siv rau qhov kev npaj ntawm margarine thiab xab npum), ntau lawm pov tseg yog siv raws li cov tsiaj pub.

Lwm kaj thiab siav, tab sis, hmoov tsis, peb tsis loj hlob tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg - artichoke (pictured). Feeb ntau, nws yog suav tias yog ib tug zaub, tiam sis ua tau nws yog tsis tau qheb cos. Raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub tais los yog sab zaub mov, nws yog dav faib nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv America.

Nto moo rau nws saj zoo Yeluxalees artichoke, cultivated tsis tau tsuas yog raws li cov zaub mov, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug kev thiab fodder nroj tsuag.

Zoo nkauj thiab lam nqi

Nws zoo nkauj thiab flowering hom ntawm cov Aster tsev neeg (yees duab) yog lub npe hu rau ib ntev lub sij hawm.

Breeders muab yuav luag countless ntawm ntau yam vaj paj. Tag nrho cov paub cov nrov florists Chrysanthemum thiab gerbera. Yam tsawg kawg ib zaug txhua txhua uas muaj paj txaj, cultivated asters los yog daisies, zinnias thiab marigolds, dahlias thiab ageratum.

Lam nroj tsuag yog cov feem ntau nrov thiab pab tau: chamomile, yarrow, arnica, series, thistle, wormwood, Tansy, marigold thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lawv zoo ntxim rau lub cev yog kuaj thiab pov thawj, decoctions los yog infusions ntawm tshuaj ntsuab yog cov zoo tshaj plaws homeopathic tshuaj.

Aster tsev neeg, uas nws cov mej zeej paub, tej zaum, rau sawv daws, muab lub ntiaj teb no ib qho zoo kawg npaum li cas ntawm ua lag ua luam, ornamental thiab lam nroj tsuag.