Num - tsuas kev lag luam ntawm science thiab technology

Keeb kwm num pib ntev dhau los - 5 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Yuav ua li cas nws yog - kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thiab kuv num. Txawv teb chaws cov lus hais txog technology, yog heev feem ntau ntawm German keeb kwm. Lub teb chaws Yelemees yeej ib txwm tau ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm engineering. Yog li ntawd muaj ntau yam hais txog ntau yam industries, muaj German npe.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Tag nrho cov kev lag luam txuam nrog tsuas, kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas no yog hu ua. Lub literal txhais lus los ntawm German txhais tau tias "ciam teb nkauj nraug" los yog mezhevschik. Num yuav txiav txim rau ib thaj tsam ntawm meej tsuas ntawm deposits, tab sis nws yog tseem koom nyob rau hauv lub leej txhais ntawm lub tso nyiaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tej spatial txoj hauj lwm, expediency txoj kev loj hlob - tag nrho cov uas yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub ntxiv pom kev loj hlob thiab lag luam ntawm lub deposit. Surveyor sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub tom ntej txij nkawm ntawm lawv cim asterisk tso, cov lus xaus thiab graphical sawv cev rau cov kev npaj kos mus txog.

Tsuas yog tus ancient mus yos hav zoov

Surveying - ib tug ntawm cov hiob ceg ntawm science thiab technology. Tus thawj kuv workings hnub rov qab mus rau IV-III centuries BC. Lawv fwm nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no mus hnub no, peb kuj suav thiab tsim drawings rau tom qab uas. Ib txhia schemes ua ntxiv papyri, ntawm illuminated - cov dej twb dawb lias xiav, daj xuab zeb. Nyob rau hauv lub explanatory sau ntawv mus rau lub kos duab qhia hais tias twb pre geodetic ntsuam. Thiab yog hais tias geodesy twb nyob rau hauv qhov kuv pua tau txais nws cov thawj ntsuas - diopter uas tom qab theodolite twb teem, cov Surveying tau tsuas txais, tiam sis ua ib qho kev ywj ceg xwb nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nrog lub advent ntawm kev uas tsuas chaw, tshiab teeb meem tshwm sim, tshiab kev pab raws qib raug teem. kuv feem ntau muaj los ntawm ntau cov tswv, thiab ib thaj tsam ntawm lawv qhov chaw yuav tsum tau muab hais kom meej meej txhais ob leeg rau hauv av thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov depths. Qhov no yog lub essence ntawm tus tshiab kev qhuab qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txawm, muaj nws lub npe - "Surveying".

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab kev qhuab qhia

Tshwm ntau ntawm cov tub txawg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no xwb, kos duab rau ntawm tsuas ntsuam pib qhia nyob rau hauv medieval universities. Nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua muaj yog ib tug thawj kev ntaus ntawv - ib lub roob compass. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov ntsuam yuav tsum tau rau tunnels nyob rau hauv lub mines thiab quarries khoom ua tag nrho cov sij hawm, nws designs ua ntau sophisticated. Rau competent kev kawm ua hauj lwm uas yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov tub txawg. Txij li thaum cov lus teb tau ua hauj lwm kom ruaj ntseg ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub bowels ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lub engineers tau txais ntau dua tsuas kawm ntawv.

Lavxias teb sab kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, xws li tag nrho cov tsuas thiab tag nrho kev lag luam, tau txais ib tug zoo kawg li impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Peter I. Noj raws li ib lub hauv paus rau moog tau German muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv tau supplemented los ntawm kev tshawb pom Lavxias teb sab craftsmen. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws pib publishing tshwj xeeb scientific ntaub ntawv, teem kev cob qhia rau qhov siv thiab ua precision seev (nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences muab compasses, quadrants, astrolabes ntawm heev zoo), qhib tebchaws, uas tsim high-zoo engineers. Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia qhib thawj tsev kawm ntawv (tsev kawm ntawv) los npaj xwb tshwj xeeb ntawm tsuas thiab kuv num. Thiab cov thawj ntawm cov tswv yim pom zoo ntawm lub tsuas thiab metallurgical kev lag luam ntawm lub Urals twb qhia teev nyob rau hauv "Hoobkas kev cai" nyob rau hauv lub pawg lus VI, qhov tseeb hais tias tus ncej ntawm thawj surveyor, los yog mezhevschika, tsuas tshwj xeeb ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws qib tau npaum li cas.

Cov xim ntawm lub teb chaws num

Cov kev txoj kev num kev tshawb fawb tsim M. V. Lomonosov. Rau cov tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm teb chaws kuv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ua ntau Lavxias teb sab zaum xws li GA Maksimovic, sau ntawm cov phau ntawv, paj Olyshev, yees Lavxias teb sab theodolite nrog eccentric yeeb nkab, G. A. Lub sij hawm, uas luam tawm nyob rau kev siv ntawm lub theodolite thiab compass qhia nyob rau hauv kuv cov ntaub ntawv. Great nqis V. I. Baumana, lub organizer ntawm ob-Union Congress ntawm Lavxias teb sab surveyors - nyob rau hauv 1913 thiab 1921. Nyob rau hauv 1905, nws luam tawm ua hauj lwm "Course ntawm Surveying of art", thiab nyob rau hauv 1921 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia (Petrograd Mining lub koom haum), ib tug tshiab tshwj xeeb, npaj txhij-surveyors engineers yog tswvcuab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg merits PM Lentovskogo, uas kawm txog qhov no science nyob rau Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nyob rau nws rov qab, nws nrhiav tau cov thawj kev magazine nyob rau hauv lub lag luam thiab tsim ib tug surveyor leveling tshuab.

Nyob rau hauv 1938, nyob rau hauv Kharkov qhib ib lub Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov twj tshwj xeeb, uas raug tso tawm ntawm txawv sij hawm gyro M-1 thiab qhov tob DA-2.

Dlej ua hauj lwm - dlej nyiaj ua hauj lwm

Nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, lub profession ntawm engineer tau yeej ib txwm tau hwm thiab zoo them. Ipatiev tsev yog muaj npe tom qab lub engineer Ipatiev, kawg tswv ntawm lub tsev loj. Muaj koob muaj npe Clerk theem siab yuav them taus ib khoom kim heev tsev thiab nyob zoo. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, lub tshwj xeeb "engineer-surveyor" tsis muaj kev sib txeeb. Tej zaum tam sim no ib yam dab tsi yuav hloov mus rau qhov zoo.