Biography ntawm Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha

Tsis yooj yim biography ntawm Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov unpredictability ntawm lub neej, nws yog tag nrho ntawm highs thiab lows, lub dizzying zoo thiab neeg tuag taus failures. Niaj hnub no, Khodorkovsky lub npe surrounded los ntawm ib tug loj ntawm taug xaiv, myths xwb thiab u, raws li zoo hloov zuj zuj nws txoj hmoo?

Childhood thiab Tsev Neeg

Khodorkovsky (biography, cov niam txiv, uas nws thaum ntxov lub neej yog cov feem ntau ntau) yug rau hli ntuj 26, 1963 nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm "Calibre" nroj tsuag engineers. Nws txiv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tau txais kev pab raws li thawj engineer, kuv niam yog ib tug dog dig engineer. Cov tsev neeg yeej tsis muaj ntau npaum li cas wealth, nws txiv yog ib tug qub txoj kev kas, uas yog cov neeg Yudais, tag nrho cov nws lub neej nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntseeg zoo. Niam pog koob yawg koob noblemen, tab sis nws tsis yog ib tug kawm ntawm kev sib tham nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Biography Khodorkovsky, nws tsev neeg koom rau cov kev intelligentsia cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lo lus, pib raug heev rau cov Soviet Union. Tus thawj plaub lub xyoos ntawm nws lub neej Michael tau nyob rau hauv ib lub communal chav tsev, ces lub tsev neeg tsiv mus rau cais.

Michael txij thaum yau differed heev tiag, txawm nyob rau hauv nws kindergarten nicknamed "tus thawj coj", lub tsev kawm ntawv tom qab nws yog nrees entrenched npe menyuam yaus "theoretician". Nws yog ib tug zoo tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, pom zoo muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv thiab Science News for KIDS. Nws kawm ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv, nws kawm Science News for KIDS nyob hauv tsev nrog lawv niam lawv txiv kom daws tau learn rau hauv kev kawm thiab tau ua ntau yam thwmsim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus nws kev tshawb fawb, Michael kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv karate thiab sambo, ib tug ntau ntawm kev nyeem ntawv.

xyoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb

Mikhail Khodorkovsky, uas nws biography los ntawm thaum yau yog txuam nrog Science News for KIDS, nyob rau hauv 1980 nws nkag mus hauv lub koom haum ntawm tshuaj lom neeg Technology lawv. Mendeleev. Nws tsis yog lub feem ntau ci ntsa iab university txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntse nruab siab txiv neej hluas tsis yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv parallel, nws koom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm: khwb khuav koom rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Koom Haum Ntxhais Communist League, coj los ntawm kev tsim kho ua ke. Nws yog nws leej twg pom ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Siberia, nws coj tag nrho cov kev sib khom lus nrog tus directors ntawm Enterprises, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau khwv tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyiaj. Nws tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo plaub yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sau. Nyob rau hauv 1985, Khodorkovsky kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv nrog honors thiab yog muaj peev xwm mus xaiv lub tsev qhov chaw. Nws xav mus ua hauj lwm rau ib lub private lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Siberia thiab mus kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis nws tsis ua hauj lwm tawm. Muaj ntau ntau theories li yog vim li cas cov kev npaj twb tsis paub. Lawv hais tias tiv thaiv haiv neeg sau tseg rau hauv phau ntawv hla tebchaws ntawm leej txiv ntawm Michael, lwm version hais tias kawm tiav kev xaiv kev cuam tshuam rau qhov kev kawm ntawm cov rector, uas hais txog kom txhob lub pursuit ntawm kev kawm tam sim no nyob ntev.

Tom qab ntawd, Michael mus rov qab rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub teb chaws Economy muaj npe tom qab Plekhanov rau lub financier (kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1988).

Tus thawj cov nyiaj khwv

Kev ua hauj lwm Keeb kwm Hodorkovskogo Mihaila Borisovicha pib nyob rau hauv thaum yau. Thaum nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws twb cheb txoj kev, txiav cov mov nyob rau hauv ib tug bakery, ib qho kev pab tus kws ntoo - yog li tus tub hluas muaj peev xwm mus khwv tau lub hnab tshos nyiaj thiab reagents rau tshuaj thwmsim. Thaum kawm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum, nws lossi ua hauj lwm ib nrab sij hawm raws li ib tug kws ntoo nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho koom tes "Etalon". Nws yeej ib txwm muaj lub siab xav kom tau nyiaj, thiab nws pom ib txoj kev ua nws.

Ua hauj lwm nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas

Tom qab kawm tiav biography Khodorkovsky, uas nws haiv neeg twb muaj npe nyob rau hauv lub txiv 'Jew', muaj ib tug me ntsis raws li nws xav, vim hais tias nws twb tsis tau tau mus rau hauv lub private tsev muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv uas. Yog li ntawd, Michael ua hauj lwm luv luv tso deputy secretary ntawm lub Komsomol ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab ces ua deputy secretary ntawm lub koog tsev kawm ntawv Committee ntawm lub Komsomol. Thaum lub sij hawm no, pib ib nthwv dej ntawm commercialization ntawm txhua yam, nrog uas tsis yog-tsoom fwv cov koom haum, lawv muab me ntsis nyiaj txiag txoj kev ywj pheej. Qhov no thiab coj kom zoo dua ntawm Khodorkovsky, ua ke nrog Platon Lebedev thiab Sergeem Monahovym. Nws tsim ib tug hluas teg num Fund, uas tso cai rau profit los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas kev ua si. Tom qab ntawd, raws li nyob rau hauv no nyiaj loj hlob Center rau Kev thiab Kev Creativity ntawm cov hluas. Tsev lag luam ntawm lub chaw twb dictated los ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sij hawm, Khodorkovsky mloog keenly mus rau lub surrounding txheej xwm thiab yuav xav tias cov kev tsim profits nyob rau hauv no venture. Tus taw tes yog tsis los pab txhawb cov tub ntxhais hluas tej yaam num, thiab hais tias cov chaw zov me raug tso cai rau nws tus kheej-koom nyob rau hauv coj mus muag ua ub no. Thiab Michael tau tsim ib tug cua daj cua dub ntawm kev ua si: ncaav cov ntshuam thiab muag khoom ntawm computers, muag cawv, tsim ib tug Rhiav rau zus tau tej "siav" ris ntauv txhav. Tag nrho cov no tau coj loj profits. Tab sis Khodorkovsky tsuas ua rau kom tus scale, nws tswj los mus tsim ib tug system mus pauv cov nyiaj mus rau lwm cov koom haum uas yuav tsis nqa tawm cov nyiaj them. Thaum lub sij hawm no nws khwv tau nws thawj yeej loj nyiaj. Nws tau los ua tus "inventor" ntawm ntau nyiaj txiag schemes, uas tom qab siv heev heev followers.

Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, Khodorkovsky acquires loj, pab mus rau kev pab nws yuav tau mus rau qib tom ntej.

Menatep

Nyob rau hauv 1989, Khodorkovsky thiab nws comrades tsim ib tug coj mus muag bank, thiab ces tus ntsuam xyuas nyiaj union, abbreviated Menatep. Nws sawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub enterprise, Nevzlin thiab Golubovic yog substituents Oaks ua hauj lwm subsidiary tsev nyiaj. Cov txhab nyiaj tau txais ib lub xeev daim ntawv tso cai yog ib tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab pib muag cov txiaj, thiab ces teeb meem rau nws tus kheej shares, uas muaj kev koom advertised nyob rau hauv TV. Lub shareholders tsis tos rau lub cog lus loj loj dividends. Cov txhab nyiaj muab kev pab rau ntau loj tsoom fwv cov koom haum, tsim ib tug lossis loj turnover.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub Privatization ntawm lub Menatep nquag muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv yuav cuab tam ntawm lub teb chaws. Los ntawm manipulation ntawm cov kev cog lus auctions lub bank yuav tus tswv ntawm 90% feem ntawm lub teb chaws tus thib ob-loj tshaj plaws roj lub tuam txhab - Yukos. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd Khodorkovsky ntev xav tau ib tug tswv cia nyiaj, nws plunges rau hauv ib tug tshiab kev lag luam rau lawv tus kheej.

Yukos

Biography Khodorkovsky ua ib tug tshiab twist, nws yog fond ntawm lub lwm yam lag luam. Roj opens mus zoo kawg li lub sij hawm rau qhov kev siv ntawm ntau yam tej yaam num. Tab sis ua ntej nws yuav tig ib ncig, raws li cov tawg ntsoog ntawm 1998 xyoo, uas tau undermined lub stability ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj Khodorkovsky thiab "cog qhov chaw" nyob Yukos, uas yeej tsis xav them ib tug nqi. Mikhail Borisovich sai sai ntes tau nws tus kheej, muaj peev xwm mus ua kab lawv ua lag ua luam, txawm tias lub sij hawm thaum yuav tsum tau muab tso tseg. Tom qab lub neej ntawd, nws yog koom nyob rau hauv forging roj ntau lawm thiab export, restructure lub tuam txhab, tsub kom lub transparency ntawm cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov kev siv nyiaj uas investor cog qoob loo rov qab. By 2003, Yukos shares tau ob npaug nyob rau hauv nqe. Lub tuam txhab no kuj thov ntau yam txoj kev "ua se optimization" los txhim kho profitability. Nyob rau hauv 2003, Forbes kwv yees li lub xeev Khodorkovsky 8 billion dollars, hu ua lub richest Lavxias teb sab xyoo.

Khodorkovsky ob zaug attempts los ua ib tug tib phiaj los nqis tes YUKSI (nrog rau "Sibneft" Abramovich). Nws xav tias mus txog ib tug tswvyim uas yuav cia nws mus rau txim rau koj ua lag ua luam thiab ua tus richest txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis cov tub ceev xwm intervened, uas puas lawm kev cia siab.

kev nom kev tswv

Biography Khodorkovsky tau yeej ib txwm tau txuas tsis tsuas mus rau cov hauj lwm, tab sis kuj nrog cov pej xeem thiab nom tswv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv 1990-91 nws thiab Nevzlin yog advisors ntawm lub Prime Minister Silaeva, uas tau lub npe hu txhua lwm yam vim qhov chaw ntawm scientific thiab cov kev creativity ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Nyob rau hauv 1993, Michael los ua tus nom ntawm lub peev Fund los txhawb KHOM TXHOJ. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm heev heev committees thiab pawg sab laj ntawm ntau ntau ntau, mus txog rau lub tsoom fwv. Txij li thaum 1999, ntau ntau lub capital npaum nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm cov duab thiab cov lobbying ntawm tsoom fwv. Khodorkovsky kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv sib hlub sib txhawb ua hauj lwm - kev txhawb nce tsev kawm ntawv rau me nyuam ntsuag. Nws pab them nqi rau kev xaiv tsa phiaj los nqis tes ntawm lub Communist Party thiab cov neeg sab nrauv "Yabloko" nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas loj roj deposits muaj nyob rau. Nyob rau hauv 2003, nws sponsors qhov kev xaiv tsa xwb plaub ua si.

Nyob rau hauv 2002, Khodorkovsky tsim tau ib cov nyiaj "Qhib Russia", uas nws board of directors muaj xws li J. Rothschild thiab Henry Kissinger. Los ntawm 2004, lub teb chaws muaj ntau tshaj 50 ceg ntawm lub koom haum, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv lub Modernization ntawm kev kawm ntawv, ua Internet nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb cheeb tsam, ua hauj lwm nrog cov neeg. Khodorkovsky Foundation pab popularize koj ua lag ua luam thiab nws cov outlook.

Raug txim thiab xyoo ntawm raug kaw

Nyob rau hauv 2003, Khodorkovsky lub biography ua ib tug ntse tig. Nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj, nws yog kev nyuaj siab nrog Putin rau qhov teeb meem ntawm lub legitimacy ntawm cov muag khoom ntawm "Rosneft", nws yog tus kawg straw uas lub khob ntawm lub siab ntev li puastsuaj tas cov tub ceev xwm. Tus tsoom fwv tau ntev lawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov lus nug rau cov kev ua ub ntawm Yukos, nws twb nco ntsoov txog "se optimization" thiab qhib ib rooj plaub txhaum cai tiv thaiv Lebedev, thawj, thiab ces tiv thaiv Khodorkovsky. Nws yeej tsis xav kom tawm hauv lub teb chaws, txawm tag nrho cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cov phooj ywg thiab nyob rau txhawb Lebedev twb puas tau raug ntes, tab sis lub kaum hli ntuj 25, 2003 nws twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau Irkutsk.

Nyob rau hauv 2005, lub tsev hais plaub raug txim Khodorkovsky thiab Lebedev tau txais 8 xyoo, tab sis lawv pleaded tsis txhaum thiab hais rau cov nom tswv kev koom tes ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. Raws li lawv taug kev tshawb nrhiav thiab mus sib hais, unfolding nyob rau hauv lub xov xwm PR phiaj los nqis tes, uas liam Khodorkovsky ntawm sim oligarchic coup nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam voj voog, rau lwm cov tes, hais tias yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug nom tswv tom qab. Lub ECtHR pom tus neeg raug liam "raug kaw ntawm conscience", tab sis tsis yog paub tseeb hais tias cov khees hav zoov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nom tswv tivthaiv. Yukos vaj tse twb txeeb nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm cov nuj nqis, tab sis ua tsis tau tejyam mus txeeb txawv teb chaws cov cuab tam.

Nyob rau hauv 2006 nws tau qhib ib tug tshiab cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tub sab tub nyiag ntawm cov roj, uas Khodorkovsky twb raug txim 14 xyoo, uas nws tau mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Chita cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv xaus Khodorkovsky txuas ntxiv mus sib ntaus sib tua rau lawv txoj cai, nws tau luam tawm ob peb cov khoom thiab cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv lub Western xovxwm, plaub lub sij hawm lub kev tshaib kev nqhis strike, nws twb tsis yog xa mus rau lub txim chaw rau ua txhaum tsev rau txim cai. Thaum lub sij hawm no, cov pej xeem yog tsis tso tseg lawv cov me nyuam no yuav tiv thaiv Khodorkovsky - nyob shares, sau cov tsiaj ntawv, cov khoom.

tso tawm

Biography Khodorkovsky, tsev neeg thiab cov me nyuam uas tau ua lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm liberation, hloov thaum nws thaum kawg yuav tsum yog ib daim ntawv thov rau clemency. Nyob rau hauv 2013, Putin hais tias thaum ib tug xovxwm rooj sab laj hais tias Khodorkovsky yuav zam, yog hais tias nws yog li thov. Daim ntawv thov, nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv, ib tug nkag ntawm kev txhaum, tab sis txij li thaum Michael yog mob heev niam, nws mus rau nws. Thiab Hlis ntuj nqeg 20, 2013 nws tau tso tawm, cov kws lij choj nrawm nroos koom mus saib Khodorkovsky nyob rau hauv Berlin.

Sab nraum lub neej

Biography Khodorkovsky dua ua rau ib tug tig, tom qab 10 xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, nws hais nyob rau hauv Switzerland, tau txais ib qhov chaw nyob daim ntawv tso cai. Tus thawj lub sij hawm nws bothers cov xovxwm ntau. Tom qab immigrating mus rau qhov tshiab Mihail Hodorkovsky zoo nkaus li. Biography, tus poj niam, tus kheej lub neej tam sim no, nws hais tias, yuav tsum yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau nws, thiab nws yuav nyob tawm ntawm txoj. Txawm li cas los, caiv los ntawm nom tswv cov nqe lus nws tsis tau, tom qab ib tug ob peb lub hlis, nws commented rau qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv Russia, thuam lub teb chaws tus tsoom fwv. Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 2014, Khodorkovsky hais tias nws yog npaj txhij los ua ib tug neeg tuaj daws kho nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm Russia thiab Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub Crimea. Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 2014 nws "resets" "Qhib Russia", kws txawj saib nws raws li ib tug rov qab mus rau ib txoj cai ntawm Mikhail Borisovich. Khodorkovsky yog ib tug heev hais lus cov kws muaj txuj nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub Western xov xwm, nws koom nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov txheej xwm. Nws hais lus nyob rau lub Success nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv 2014 hais tias nws yog npaj txhij los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Russia, thiab ua txhua yam los tsim ib tug pej xeem haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, twb pom raws li ib tug tshaj tawm ntawm lub hom phiaj.

Tej lub neej

Khodorkovsky tus thawj sib yuav tau xaus lus nyob rau hauv nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv hnub. Thawj tus poj niam Elena nyob rau hauv 1985 yug tau ib tug tub, Michael Paul. Nyob rau hauv 1991, Khodorkovsky yuav yuav ib tug thib ob lub sij hawm. Nws ob tus poj niam Inna yug nws peb cov me nyuam: ib tug ntxhais thiab ob tug tub-menyuam ntxaib. Nyob rau hauv 2009, Michael ua ib tug yawg. Nws tam sim no tseem ceeb tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm Mikhail Khodorkovsky li xaiv: tsev neeg, tus poj niam, cov me nyuam. Diam duab ntawm tag nrho tsev neeg yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua mus nrhiav, raws li nws ua tib zoo tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Tab sis kuv siv tam sim ntawd los hlub 10 xyoo thiab yog tam sim no ua rau ntes.

Khodorkovsky, biography, tsev neeg, yees duab kev ceev ntiag tug yog zoo txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm, thiab nws yog tiring. Cuaj kaum, nws tsis tu ncua muab sib tham, nws tshwm nyob rau hauv lub loj txheej xwm ntawm nws lub neej mus.

Biography Khodorkovsky, nws tus poj niam thiab cov me nyuam uas tau los ua tus biggest ib feem, yog tseem nyob rau hauv ib tug twj ywm theem. Nws ua nws lub neej, ua lag ua luam suits, tab sis ntau zaus nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tham blurts tias nws muaj ib lub siab xav mus hloov Russia. Qhov no yuav qhia cov tub ceev xwm vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias nws tseem muaj kev nom kev tswv ambitions. Qhov no yog dab tsi ntau ntawm tus txheem piav cov tsos ntawm Khodorkovsky liam ntawm tua neeg Vladimira Petuhova, tus cob moos ntawm Nefteyugansk, uas yog hu ua tus "thib peb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Yukos."

Mikhail Borisovich hais tias nws tsis yog kev txhawj xeeb txog nws tom ntej no tshaj tawm yog xav los ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm, nws tseem mus tawm tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, Khodorkovsky, tsev neeg thiab cov me nyuam uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev tsis txhob ua ceev nom tswv lus.