Calcium nta. calcium zog. calcium mis

Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov periodic system yog ob peb yam ntawm cov no, tsis muaj uas tsis tau tsuas yog tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus nyob ib lub neej zoo thiab loj hlob. Ib tug ntawm cov - calcium.

Interestingly, thaum nws los txog rau qhov no hlau raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, hais tias tsis muaj kev siv, nws tsis ua li rau ib tug neeg, txawm teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, ib tug muaj tsuas hais qhov ions Ca ^2+, raws li qhia muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas characterize lawv tseem ceeb.

calcium txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm calcium, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam caij pib nrog rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub periodic system. Tom qab tag nrho, nws muab lub sij hawm rau kawm tau ntau yam txog qhov no atom:

• them nyiaj ntawm cov keeb;
• tus naj npawb ntawm electrons thiab protons, neutrons;
• oxidation lub xeev, lub siab tshaj plaws thiab qis tshaj;
• electron configuration thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb.

Qhov teeb meem ua ntej peb yog lub caij nyob rau hauv lub plaub lub sij hawm, ib tug loj thib ob pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg thiab muaj ib tug naj npawb 20. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj periodic rooj qhia tau hais tias lub atomic luj ntawm calcium - 40,08, uas yog qhov nruab nrab nqi ntawm uas twb muaj lawm isotopes ntawm ib tug muab atom.

Lub degree ntawm oxidation ib leeg, yog ib txwm tsis tu ncua, yog sib npaug zos rau ob tug. Formula dua oxide Cao. Cov Latin lub npe rau lub caij calcium, li no cov cim Ca atoms.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm calcium raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob rau lub caij yog ib tug hlau, ib tug silver-dawb xim. calcium raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj ntawm mis - CA. Vim lub high school lub tshuaj ua si thiab yog muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ua ib plurality ntawm tebchaw teej tug mus rau txawv cov chav kawm ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub kab yog tsis muaj, yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj thiab kev siv (mas tshuaj syntheses).

Nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab hlau, hais txog 1.5%. Nws yog hais txog cov pab pawg neeg alkaline ntiaj teb, txij thaum thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej yields ib alkali, tab sis yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau yam zaub mov thiab cov ntsev. Ib tug ntau ntawm calcium (400 mg / l) yog muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm hiav txwv dej.

siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo

calcium nta piav siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv hais tias nws yuav ua tau ntawm ob hom (txij li thaum muaj cov alpha thiab beta daim ntawv no):

• nyhav granetsentricheskaya;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

Kev sib raug zoo yam nyob rau hauv lub molecule - ib tug hlau, ib ntxaij ntoo, zoo li tag nrho cov - hlau atom ions.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Muaj ntau ntau yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm uas muaj no.

1. Seawater.
2. Pob zeb thiab cov minerals.
3. Nyob kab mob (zoo li thiab zoo li, cov pob txha thiab thiaj li nyob).
4. Cov dej hauv av nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab.

Nws yuav txhais raws li nram no hom ntawm cov pob zeb thiab minerals uas yog tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm cov calcium.

1. Dolomite - ib tug sib tov ntawm calcium carbonate thiab magnesium.
2. Fluorite - calcium fluoride.
3. Gypsum - CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - cwj mem av dawb, limestone, marble - calcium carbonate.
5. Alabaster - CaSO ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Tag nrho cov cais txog 350 txawv minerals thiab cov pob zeb uas muaj calcium.

Txoj kev rau cov kev npaj

Nws ua tsis tau tejyam kom zoo rau cov hlau rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb daim ntawv no, txij li thaum nws reactivity yog siab nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv tsis tau pom. Yog li ntawd, kom txog thaum lub XIX xyoo pua (1808), lub caij nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yog lwm paub tsis meej, uas nqa cov periodic rooj.

Calcium li lub hlau muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke rau hauv lub English chemist Gemfri Devi. Nws yog tus thawj sab nta ntawm lub sis ntawm melts cov khoom minerals thiab ntsev los ntawm electrocution. Rau hnub tim tseem ntau yam txoj kev uas yuav muab tau qhov no yog qhov electrolysis ntawm ib tug hlau ntsev ntawd, xws li:

• ib tug sib tov ntawm calcium thiab poov tshuaj chlorides;
• ib tug sib tov ntawm calcium fluoride thiab chloride.

Nws yog tseem tau mus rau tshem tawm cov calcium oxide los ntawm nws los ntawm txoj kev tshwm sim nyob rau metallurgy aluminothermy txoj kev.

lub zog

calcium nta ntawm lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm yuav piav nyob rau hauv ob peb lub ntsiab lus.

1. State of aggregation - khoom nyob rau hauv ambient tej yam kev mob.
2. Melting point - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Hlau mos mos, yuav raug muab txiav nrog ib tug riam.
4. Xim - silvery dawb, ci iab.
5. Conduction thiab muaj zoo kub-kev zog.
6. Heev cua sov converts mus rau ib tug ua kua, ces vapor lub xeev, poob lub thaj chaw ntawm hlau. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm 1484 ⁰ C.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm poov hlau muaj ib tug feature. Thaum cov hlau yog nyob rau hauv siab, nws nyob rau tej lub sij hawm loses nws yog xim hlau zog thiab lub peev xwm los conductivity. Txawm li cas los, nrog ntxiv nce nyob rau hauv raug txo thiab dua manifests nws tus kheej raws li ib tug superconductor, nws yog ob peb lub sij hawm loj tshaj lwm cov ntsiab rau tej cim no.

tshuaj zog

Cov kev ua ntawm cov hlau no heev. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau yam kev sib tshuam, nyob rau hauv uas calcium nkag mus rau. Tshua uas tsis-hlau tag nrho rau nws - ib tug ntau tshaj plaws, vim hais tias raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev, nws yog heev muaj zog.

1. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nws yog nkag reacted kom tsim cov coj binary tebchaw nrog: halogens, oxygen.
2. Thaum cua kub, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, pob zeb ntais, phosphorus, boron, sulfur, thiab lwm tus neeg.
3. Tawm sab nraud tam sim ntawd reacted nrog carbon dioxide thiab oxygen, li ntawd, them gray tawg.
4. Acid reacts zog, tej zaum kuj nrog o.

Nthuav thaj chaw ntawm poov hlau yuav tshwm sim thaum nws los txog rau nws nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov ntsev. Yog li, zoo nkauj lub qhov tsua stalactites thiab stalagmites, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub qab nthab thiab cov phab ntsa, yog tsis muaj dab tsi li calcium carbonate, tsim nrog lub sij hawm ntawm dej, carbon dioxide thiab hydrogen los ntawm dab nyob rau hauv lub av.

Xav yuav ua li cas active hlau nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev, kom nws nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, raws li zoo raws li alkaline. Nyob rau hauv ib tug maub iav ntim nrog ib tug kaw lub hau thiab nyob rau hauv lub txheej ntawm kerosene los yog paraffin.

Zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob calcium ion - ib tug nplaim taws coloring nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj, tag nrho cov cib-liab xim. Kuj qhia hlau tebchaw yuav muaj li ntawm ib tug insoluble nag lossis daus ntawm ib co ntawm nws cov ntsev (calcium carbonate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, silicate, sulfite).

hlau tebchaw

Hom Cov nram qab no hlau tebchaw:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• calcium ntsev (nruab nrab, acidic, yooj yim, muab ob npaug rau, complex).

Calcium oxide yog lub npe hu ua quicklime. Cao yog siv los tsim ib lub tsev khoom (txiv qaub). Yog hais tias oxide tua dej, peb tau coj hydroxide, alkali tsim zog.

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb yog sib txawv calcium ntsev, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv txawv sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Yuav ua li cas yog muaj ntsev, peb twb hais saum toj no. Peb muab ib co piv txwv ntawm cov hom ntawm tebchaw.

1. Medium ntsev - carbonate CaCO _3, phosphate Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Acid - sulfate CaHSO _4.
3. Ntsiab - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Complex - [Ca (NH _{3) 8]} Cl _2.
5. Dual - 5Ca (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2} * NH ₄ TSIS ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm calcium yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tus kab tshuab, raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm ions rau lub cev yog cov ntsev.

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm calcium rau tib neeg lub cev? Muaj ntau ntau yog vim li cas.

1. Nws yog ib qhov keeb ions yog ib feem ntawm lub intercellular yeeb tshuaj, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg kua, koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm lub excitation mechanisms lawm thiab neurotransmitters.
2. Calcium accumulates nyob rau hauv cov pob txha, txha hniav laus nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm hais txog 2.5% ntawm tag nrho lub cev muaj ceeb thawj. Qhov no yog heev heev thiab ua ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntxiv dag zog rau cov lug, ceev lawv lub zog thiab stability. Kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau nws.
3. Ntshav yog tseem nyob rau qhov suav hais tias ions.
4. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov kev mob plawv los ntawm kev koom nyob rau hauv nws cov excitation thiab contraction.
5. Yog ib tog mus rau lub kev ntawm exocytosis thiab lwm yam intracellular hloov.

Yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov calcium kom tsawg yog tsis txaus, nws yog tau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob xws li:

• rickets;
• txha;
• ntshav kab mob.

Lub sij hawm tus nqi rau ib tug neeg laus - 1,000 mg, thiab rau cov me nyuam los ntawm 9 xyoo 1300 mg. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj ib tug seem nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm no yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj qhov li qhia koob tshuaj. Txwv tsis pub, tej zaum koj yuav tsim plob tsis so tswj kab mob.

Rau tag nrho lwm cov nyob quavntsej calcium yog tsis tsis tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau invertebrates , tab sis yog tsis muaj lub cev pob txha, tab sis lwm txoj kev ntxiv dag zog rau lawv raws li yog lub hlau formations. Cov lawv:

• shellfish;
• qwj nplais thiab oysters;
• lub paj rwb
• coral polyps.

Tag nrho lawv hnav nyob rau ntawm lawv nraub qaum ris los yog nyob rau hauv tus, yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem ntawm lub neej exoskeleton uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm sab nraud influences thiab npua. Lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm nws - calcium ntsev.

Txha cajqaum tsiaj, zoo li tib neeg, yuav tsum tau raug xam tias ions rau tej kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob thiab kom tau lawv los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus.

Calcium uas muaj cov tshuaj

Muaj ntau yam kev xaiv uas muaj kev pab los ntawm uas nws yog ib yam ua tau kom mus txog lub uas ploj lawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub qub cev. Qhov tseeb tiag mas, ntawm chav kawm, tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev - cov khoom muaj qhov xav atom. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias yog vim li cas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los yog tsis txaus, cov kev kho mob lawv kuj siv tau thiab.

Yog li, daim ntawv teev cov khoom uas muaj calcium, zoo li no:

• mis nyuj thiab mis nyuj haus cov khoom;
• ntses;
• zaub ntsuab;
• cereals (buckwheat, mov, ci tseem nplej);
• ib co citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo (txiv kab ntxwv, tangerines);
• taum;
• Tag nrho cov neeg rau (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog almonds thiab walnuts).

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib co zaub mov tsis haum tshuaj los yog siv tsis tau lawv rau lwm yam yog vim li cas, lub sau theem ntawm cov kev kawm caij nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav pab rau cov calcium uas muaj cov tshuaj.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov hlau salts uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm yooj yim digested, sai sai soaked nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab cov hnyuv. Cov lawv tus nrov tshaj plaws thiab pab tau yog cov nram qab no.

1. calcium chloride - tshuaj cov kev txhaj tshuaj los yog rau qhov ncauj thawj coj rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam. Txawv concentration ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg siv rau "kub txhaj tshuaj" vim nws ua rau ib tug zoo nkaus li thaum vkalyvaniem. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv nrog txiv hmab txiv ntoo kua txiv los pab txhawb haus.
2. Calcium gluconate. Qhov raws li pellets (0.25 los yog 0.5 g), thiab cov kev daws tso dej raws leeg txhaj tshuaj. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj xws li ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo flavors.
3. Calcium lactate - muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm 0.5 g