Ua hauj lwm nrog titanium dawb

Ib tug ntawm ob hom ntawm cov dawb, cov feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub painting - dawb titanium. Lawv yog cov superior nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm nws lwm yam nrov hom zoo - lead thiab zinc.

Tom qab: Lead

Cov dawb xim siv los ntawm ntxias txij ancient sij hawm. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thawj BC, lub Roman historian Pliny piav txog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ib whitewash ntawm cov hlau lead chips nrog vinegar. Tom qab, nws cov technology rau zus tau tej cov dawb lead tau tsim nyob rau hauv txhua txhua loj European lub teb chaws. Lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv painting, iconography, kev xav tau kev pab. Txawm li cas los, ua - tsis tshua muaj neeg lom khoom. Puas tshwm sim los ntawm dawb ua rau kev ntxias thiab builders, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg pluag, koom nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau xam.

zinc

Muaj lwm txoj kev dyes - kaus ntxhw dawb, yog ua los ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lambs, dawb cwj mem av dawb, eggshells thiab txawm pearls. Tiam sis tag nrho cov neeg uas lawv twb tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj, tsis yooj yim los tsim thiab thiaj li kim. Vim hais tias ntawm no, qhov nyuab txuas ntxiv mus siv tshuaj lom txhuas. Ntau ntau hom - kaolin, antimony, sulfur, hlau thiab tin - yog tseem tsis mus txog rau lawm tagnrho cov dawb lead.

Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus kom txog rau thaum 1780, thaum ob tug Fabkis chemist Bernard Courtois thiab Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, pib mus nrhiav tsawg tej xim. Lawv xaiv poob rau hauv lub zinc oxide, raws li nyob rau hauv uas lub tau dawb me ntsis tshuaj lom. Qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov nqi. Zinc oxide muaj nqis plaub lub sij hawm ntau kim tshaj cov hlau lead, thiaj li muaj ntau ntxias tseem ncaj ncees mus rau lub qub ntaub ntawv.

Titan

Thaum kawg ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua Englishman William Gregor thiab cov German Klaproth sab ib yav tas los tsis paub hais tias hlau, uas tom qab hloov cov hmoov txhuas nyob rau hauv loj zus tau tej cov dawb. Tab sis ua ntej thaum pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua titanium mas suav hais tias puas, tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi tsis haum rau hauv lub hlau. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1908, European chemists tau pom ib tug siv rau nws - titanium dioxide siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ib tug tshiab hom dawb. Txij li thaum 1920, teb chaws Europe tau lawm launched loj zus tau tej cov titanium dioxide pigments yog yuav luag tag hloov nrog ib tug ua lag luam. Ua ntej Russia tau txais xwb innovation mus rau lub thirties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Vim li no cov fact, tus neeg tshawb fawb tswj kom paub qhov txawv cov qhabnias tej hauj lwm ntawm lub ntxov thib nees nkaum xyoo pua los ntawm kev dag: careless copyists tsis xav txog hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab avant-garde sau mas siv dawb lead, titanium tom qab repressed.

Kev sib piv ntawm ntau hom ntawm dawb

• Toxicity. Dawb lead txawv heev tshuaj lom thiab yog tam sim no siv heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv kos duab xim. International Association of Labor tiv thaiv txwv tsis pub nrag cov phab ntsa hauv nyob quarters nrog dawb lead. Tus txiv neej-painters mus kaum yim xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab cov poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog yog txwv tsis pub ua hauj lwm nrog hmoov txhuas. Me ntsis tshuaj lom zinc dawb, ua rau tsis muaj kev hem thawj rau lub neej, thiab titanium yuav sau tsis muaj mob rau kev kho mob.
• Opacity (nkaum hwj chim). Zinc oxide muaj tus nqi qis tshaj opacity, yog li ntawd lawv yog ntse siv nyob rau hauv classical painting glaze. Titanium dawb glaze ua tsis tau yus vim hais tias lawv kev pab them nqi yog ntau ntau (2.7). Tab sis lawv yog zoo tagnrho rau ntau tuab painting ib la prima - qhov no xim yog zoo saum toj no lwm yam xim.
• Hawj txawm. Zinc oxide muaj ib tug me ntsis rhaub laus titanium - txias.
• Kuj. Zinc oxide, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev kub number case txheej thickness, nws thiaj li them nrog tej kab nrib pleb. Txij li thaum titanium dioxide pigments uas tsis tshwm sim - ib tug ntawm lawv hom muaj zog hais tias nws yog siv rau cov painting cov spacecraft. Dawb lead no kuj yog heev muaj zog - hais tias lawv tshuav lawv preservation tej hauj lwm ntawm cov laus masters.

Lwm cov nta ntawm lub titanium dioxide pigments

Thaum lub sij hawm, ua hauj lwm, daim ntawv sau titanium dioxide pigments, tej zaum yuav tau ib tug xiavlus zas. Nyob rau hauv cov roj painting cov dawb yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj. Lawv tsis pom zoo kom yuav tov nrog ib co lwm yam xim: azure, cobalt, cadmium. Thaum mixed razbelivaniya nyhuv tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nrog lawv, thiab daim ntawv tsis ruaj tsis khov muaj yeeb yuj compound. Titanium dawb tig daj thaum lub sij hawm. Titanium dioxide thaum tov nrog organic pigments yuav ua sis tsuas kob thaum lub sij hawm. Nws tsis pom zoo kom npog lub chaw ua hauj lwm uas siv cov titanium dawb roj copal cov kua roj vanish - tsaus inevitable.

Vim hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov shortcomings nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, ntxias tau tsis kam siv titanium dioxide pigments. Lawv ntau lawm yog tshem tawm. Tab sis lwm tus neeg Titanium Dawb - acrylic, gouache los yog tempera ua nyob rau tib tus nqi. Lawv ntse tseem yuav siv los ntawm ntau painters. Titanium Dawb Roj ntev heev lawm nyob rau hauv limbo - lawv cov qib high npog lub hwj chim, uas tsis yog-tshuaj lom thiab kuj pheej yig rov qab rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub txee, thiab niaj hnub no leej twg ua tau, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, los mus txiav txim seb lawv siv yog siv tau rau nws.