Cawv ntawm alloying ntsiab rau thaj chaw ntawm hlau. Hom, hom thiab lub sij hawm yog

Steel - ib qho ntawm feem nrhiav-tom qab cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no. Yog tsis muaj nws tsis yooj yim xav txog tej yam tej uas twb muaj lawm siv qhov chaw, lub cav-tsev Enterprises, thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw, thiab tej yam uas nyob ib ncig ntawm peb nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub alloy ntawm cov iron thiab cov pa roj carbon yog txawv heev, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb xyuas cov nyhuv ntawm alloying ntsiab rau lub thaj chaw ntawm hlau, raws li zoo raws li nws cov hom, hom thiab destinations.

lus qhia dav dav

Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam hom tau ua lug siv nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Qhov no yog kev lom zem ntau vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv no alloy optimally combines ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab, lub cev, cov tshuaj lom thiab hauj zog, uas tsis muaj lwm yam khoom. steelmaking txheej txheem yog lossi tau zoo thiab vim hais tias ntawm nws cov khoom thiab zoo pub rau tau cov yam kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov uas ua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm mechanisms, Cheebtsam thiab cov cav tov.

Classification los ntawm lub hom phiaj

Txhua steel, nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj uas nws tau tsim, nyob rau ib tug yuav tsum hauv paus yuav ranked nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov nram no:

• Lub Khoos Loos Tsev.
• Instrumental.
• Tshwj xeeb cov hom phiaj nrog tshwj xeeb.

Qhov tseem heev heev chav kawm ntawv - ntxwv steel, tsim rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub tsev lug, pab kiag li lawm, cov cav tov. Siv cov kev faib hom muab faib rau kev txhim kho, carburized, caij nplooj ntoos hlav-caij nplooj ntoos hlav, siab zog.

Tool steels yog txawv nyob ntawm seb lawv tsev mus ib lub cuab tam: txiav, ntsuas, thiab lwm yam Nws mus tsis tau hais tias cov nyhuv ntawm alloying ntsiab rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau ntawm no pab pawg neeg kuj loj ...

Tshwj xeeb steels muaj lawv faib, uas muaj xws li cov nram qab no pawg:

• Stainless hlau (kuj hu ua xeb).
• Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant.
• Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant.
• Hluav taws xob cov.

steel pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv tshuaj nyob tus yeees

Voiced kev faib steel nyob rau hauv lub constituent tshuaj Cheebtsam:

• Carbon steel qib.
• Doped.

Yog li no ob pawg yog muab faib ntxiv los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm txawm thiab cov pa roj carbon muaj nyob rau ntawd mus rau:

• Tsis tshua muaj carbon (tsawg tshaj li 0.3% carbon).
• Ntawm nruab nrab (concentration ntawm cov pa roj carbon yog 0.3 - 0.7%).
• High-carbon (ntau tshaj 0.7% carbon).

Yuav ua li cas yog lub alloy steel?

Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab txhais no, nws yuav tsum tau to taub steel uas muaj, nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog pheej impurities, txawm additives nkag tau rau hauv lub alloy qauv rau kom tus neeg kho tshuab thaj chaw ntawm lub resulting thaum kawg leej niam.

Ob peb lo lus hais txog qhov zoo ntawm steel

Qhov no parameter yog muab hlau meant los ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm cov khoom, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog tshwm sim los ntawm nws cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej. Rau xws li yam ntxwv, uas yog cov yuav raug thiab alloyed cuab tam steels yog:

• Tshuaj nyob tus yeees.
• Uniformity qauv.
• Processability.
• Txhua yam khoom.

Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm tej steel nyob ntawm ntau npaum li cas cov pa yog muaj nyob rau hauv nws, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur thiab phosphorus. Nws tseem yog tsis kawg lub luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ua hlau. Lub tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov yam impurity popadniya ntau yog soposob nyob rau hauv steelmaking furnaces.

Hlau steel thiab hloov nws cov khoom

Alloy steel uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov hom npav tsab ntawv designations muab forcibly caij hloov nws cov khoom, tsis tsuas yog los ntawm cov sab nraud cov neeg ua hauj, tab sis kuj ntawm lawv kev sib nrig sib txiav txim nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog hais cov pa roj carbon, lub alloying ntsiab rau lub sis raug zoo nrog lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob yam loj xws li:

• Lub ntsiab uas tsim muaj tshuaj compound nrog carbon (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese.
• Lub ntsiab tsis tsim carbide - pob zeb ntais, txhuas thiab npib tsib xee.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias steel, uas yog doped karbidobrazuyuschimi tshuaj muaj ib tug heev hardness thiab muaj zog coj kuj.

Qhov tsawg hlau steel (hom: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU thiab lwm tus). Nws occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw alloy 13X, uas yog ib qho nyuaj txaus rau zus tau tej cov nws phais, engraving, hniav nyiaj hniav kub khoom, chais.

ntawv tseem ceeb

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub hlau yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm nws cov daim ntawv lo. Txhua yam ntawm cov Cheebtsam nkag tau rau hauv lub alloy nws muaj nws tus kheej kev qhia kom paub tsab ntawv. Piv txwv li:

• Chromium - Cr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Niobium - Nb.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

Tej zaum thaum pib ntawm lub Performance index ntawm lub steel qib yog cov tsiaj ntawv. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv kev, tsab ntawv "P" txhais tau hais tias steel yog ib tug kev kub ceev, "W" qhia hais tias tus steel pob-tau cov kabmob, "A" - Automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical lwm yam zoo steels muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov alphanumeric los nyob rau hauv lub kawg tsab ntawv "ib tug" thiab cov zoo muaj tsab ntawv "W" nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm lub npav.

Tej yam uas alloying ntsiab

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov nws yuav tsum tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj tej yam carbon muaj nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm hlau. Nws yog ib qhov keeb muab ib qho kev nce rau hauv nws cov concentration nrog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab hardness ntawm sab viscosity thiab plasticity. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog carbon concentration kom deterioration ntawm machinability.

Lub chromium cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub hlau ncaj qha kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov xeb kuj. Qhov no tshuaj caij ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hlau nto nyob rau hauv ib tug txhoj puab heev oxidizing ib puag ncig, ib tug nyias tiv thaiv oxide zaj duab xis. Txawm li cas los, mus cuag no cov nyhuv hauv steel chromium yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 11,7%.

Tshwj xeeb mloog yuav tsum tau txhuas. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv steel alloying txheej txheem kev tshem tawm cov oxygen thiab nitrogen, tom qab purging, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua rau kom yuav txo tau ntawm hlau laus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhuas heev pab txoj kev lub toughness thiab fluidity kho tsis tshua muaj neeg deleterious nyhuv phosphorus.

Vanadium - yog ib tug tshwj xeeb alloying caij, uas alloy cuab tam steel tau siab hardness thiab lub dag lub zog. Nyob rau hauv lub alloy grain decreases thiab nce ceev.

Alloy steel, uas marks muaj tungsten, muab tej txiaj ntsim uas muaj hardness thiab liab hardness. Tungsten yog tseem zoo nyob rau hauv hais tias nws yuav rhuav tshem lub brittleness ntawm lub alloy thaum lub sij hawm teem tseg so.

Yuav kom nce tshav kub tsis kam, sib nqus zog thiab ib tug tseem ceeb kuj yuav muaj tej yam loads steel alloyed nrog cobalt. Tab sis ib tug ntawm cov neeg hais tias tsis tshwm sim los muaj tej yam teeb meem loj rau cov steel, yog pob zeb ntais. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov steels, uas yog npaj rau welded hlau, lub concentration ntawm silicon yuav tsum tau tsis pub dhau 0.12-0.25%.

Ho pab txoj kev tus neeg kho tshuab thaj chaw ntawm hlau thiab magnesium. Nws kuj yog siv raws li ib tug desulfurization neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm siv vnedomennoy desulphurization.

Qhov tsawg hlau steel (kos nws muaj alloying ntsiab tsawg tshaj li 2.5%) feem ntau muaj cov manganese, uas muab nws nrog ib tug tsim nyog nce nyob rau hauv hardness, puas kuj, thaum tswj pom plasticity. Tab sis lub concentration ntawm no caij yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj li 1%, los yog tsis tau mus cuag cov zog.

Carbon steel qib fusible rau tej loj-scale lub tsev lug muaj tooj liab, uas muab nyiaj pab ntau tshaj anticorrosion zog.

Yuav kom nce lub liab hardness, elasticity, tensile zog thiab tensile kuj mus corrosion nyob rau steel tas muab molybdenum, uas kuj ntxiv tsub kom cov kuj mus oxidation thiab hlau thaum rhuab kub yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lem, cerium thiab neodymium, yog siv los txo cov porosity ntawm lub alloy.

Xav rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm alloying ntsiab rau thaj chaw ntawm steel yuav tsis tau ignored thiab npib tsib xee. Qhov no tso cai rau lub hlau yuav tau txais cov steel hardenability thiab zoo heev zog, ductility thiab tej yam kuj mus nce thiab qis tsis pub tshaj ntawm tus mob khaub thuas brittleness.

Heev lug siv raws li ib tug dopant, thiab niobium. Nws nyob rau hauv concentration 6-10 lub sij hawm kom muaj nuj nqis yuav tsum tau prisutsvtuyuschego carbon nyob rau hauv lub hlau, eliminates lub intergranular xeb stainless steels thiab tiv thaiv lub weld pob qij txha los ntawm tus tsis tshua muaj neeg undesirable kev puas tsuaj.

Titanium tso cai rau koj mus tau lub zoo kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub dag lub zog thiab ductility, raws li zoo raws li los txhim kho lub xeb kuj. Cov hlau, uas muaj cov additive, zoo heev raug rau ntau ua cov cuab yeej, tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj rau niaj hnub tshuab cov cuab yeej.

Introduction ntawm zirconium hlau steel enables mus muab tau cov kev kawm grain loj yog tias tsim nyog thiab feem xyuam rau txoj nws nyob rau hauv lub grain loj hlob.

incidental impurities

Tsis tshua muaj neeg undesirable hais tias yog heev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau yog arsenic, tin, antimony. Lawv zoo li nyob rau hauv lub hlau yeej ib txwm ua rau cov hlau ua heev nkig nyob rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lawv cov nplej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum rollback steel ib daim hlab thiab thaum lub sij hawm annealing ntawm cov uas tsis muaj steels.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, tus ntawm alloying ntsiab rau cov khoom ua zoo heev paub. Kws txawj ua tib zoo analyzed tej yam uas txhua additive nyob rau hauv lub hlau. Lub theoretical pab kom cov metallurgists muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim theem mus ua ib lub schematic daim duab ntawm steelmaking, los mus txiav txim tus naj npawb uas yuav tsum tau technology thiab consumable ntaub ntawv (ore, mloog zoo, pellets, thiab lwm yam txuam). Feem ntau cov steelmakers feem ntau siv chromium, vanadium, cobalt, thiab lwm yam alloying ntsiab uas yog heev kim.