Chehova Antona Pavlovicha creativity. Daim ntawv teev cov qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm

Chekhov tus ua hauj lwm uas yog nws. Figuratively hais lus, nws - ib tug neeg loj thiab siab ntawm cov golden Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, lub tus tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab muaj tswv yim txoj kev. Anton Pavlovich kuj ntseeg kev playwright. Nws tej hauj lwm tau pab mus rau qhov no sawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws ua yeeb yam. Lawv yog cov tseem heev txaus rau cov theem ntawm Russia thiab lub ntiaj teb no feem ntau conceptual ua yeeb yam.

Classic kwv yees classics

Leo Tolstoy twb co menyuam ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov. Tolstoy sib cav hais tias Chekhov - ib tug txawj sau ntawv cim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws characterization ntawm lub "Seagull" sau yog tag nrho ntawm tej yam txaus siab: "Chekhov - yog Pushkin tus prose!" Mas novelist hu ua nws ib tug incomparable artist, uas tsim xws ntaub ntawv ntawm cov writings, uas nws yeej tsis tau ntsib.

Creative txoj kev Chekhov pom nws teb thiab nyob rau lub shores ntawm Albion. English playwright thiab novelist Dzhon Golsuorsi sau tseg tias tsuas yog ib tug nyhuv lig rau English ntaub ntawv Chekhov. Ntxhais ntawm creativity ua tsaug rau nws tau reconsidered, nyob rau hauv particular, los ntawm Bernard Shaw. Piv txwv li, nws "sim yus lub siab lub tsev" hu ua cov kev ua si ntawm teb chaws Aas Kiv "nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab style"

Nyob rau lub tswv yim txoj kev ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv

Tseeb, Chekhov los ua ib tug innovator, renounced heroes kev koom tes nyob rau hauv externally yuam txiav txim los ntawm artificially tsim intrigue, los ntawm txhob txwm muab tus sau nws ua hauj lwm entertaining. Nyob rau hauv xa rov qab rau tag nrho cov no, Anton Pavlovich yog lub ntsiab kom pom tseeb ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau txav mus rau ib tug ntau me teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg txog nws tej hauj lwm ua si thawj nkauj laus ncas hloov ntawm kev puas hlwb lub xeev ntawm cov cim, cov muaj zog ntawm nws ntxeev siab tawm tsam qhov kev tshwm sim, tsev neeg niaj hnub ua.

Anton muab lub tswv yim los mus ua kom lub ntiaj teb no ib tug zoo dua, nqus tsev vacuum, siab tshaj nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws kos duab. Chekhov tus muaj tswv yim, ua raws li txoj ntsiab cai no, nws nrhiav nyuaj lub "soul" nyob rau hauv tus nyeem ntawv. Classic nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm tsuas yog qhia tau hais tias ib tug txiv neej raws li nws yog. Tus sau tsis flirt nrog cov neeg tuaj saib, nws yuav tsis ua rau nws kov, tsis embellishing dab tsi. Nws nyiam cim - kawm neeg downmix lawv tus kheej rau futlyarnoy lub neej nyob rau cov lus dag thiab builders nesytoy plab, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg raug nplua cov neeg txom nyem thiab kev thab plaub rau ib lub xeev ntawm tsis muaj ab tsi dullness.

Nws tseem ceeb heev los hais kom lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov raws li cov ntsiab cai, nws yog qhib:

1. Lub brevity ntawm thought classic hu nws tus muam tus txuj ci yog tsis nyob rau hauv vain. Nws prefers cos, tus me nyuam khi zaj dabneeg. Nws yog tseeb tias ntawm nws txawj nyeem ntawv, uas, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yuav nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias cov khoom thiab complex.
2. Nyob rau hauv Chekhov yam uas yeej ib txwm ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm, seemingly me me kom paub meej. Lawv yog cov tsis yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm, raws li yog ib tug npaum nkaus rau lub ntsiab, lub hauv paus ntawm nws lub tswv yim.
3. Rau Chekhov style yog yus muaj los ntawm impartiality hauj lwm, vim hais tias nws yog ntxias tias cov lus xaus yuav tsum ua tus nyeem ntawv.
4. Czechs rau cov me nyuam yuav luag tsis tau sau ntawv hais ( "Kashtanka" thiab "dawb-fronted" - ib tug kos). Nws ntseeg hais tias ib tug me nyuam yuav tsum tau nyeem los mus xaiv tus zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv "neeg laus".

Txawm li cas los, formulating ib qho saib rau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub classics, nws yuav muaj kuab rau lw lub evolution ntawm lub tsim ntawm nws muaj tswv yim txoj kev. Lub homphiaj ntawm peb txoj kev kawm yuav tsum yog tus biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov.

Tus thawj kev ntawm creativity

Anton Chekhov yug nyob rau lub ib hlis ntuj 17, 1860 nyob rau hauv Taganrog nyob rau hauv ib tug pluag tsev neeg ntawm tub txawj tub ntse. Ntawm no nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub nroog lub chav xyaum tes taw. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub tiav cov chav kawm nws yog tus sau ntawm cov neeg laus ua si luam tawm nyob rau hauv nrov cov phau ntawv Magazine "tswb", "Qaus liv", "tawg tsam". Yog li ntawd los ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog mus khwv tau nyiaj, critically yuav tsum tau rau cov tsev neeg, Chekhov.

Meanwhile, txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug tub hluas npaj cog txiv: kaum xya, nws raug kev txom nyem ib tug loj heev o ntawm lub peritoneum, uas, raws li ib tug version, suav hais tias yog thawj manifestation ntawm nws tuberculosis. Raws li lwm version, qhia los ntawm cov xibfwb VI Razumovsky, Anton Chekhov muaj lub khaum mus caum nws nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv chav kawm ntawm lub Medical kws qhia ntawv.

Los ntawm 1879 rau cov hluas Chekhov pib ib tug yooj yim thiab lub sij hawm-siv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Moscow University thiab mob siab heev journalistic ua si. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm Anton Pavlovich, nws yog heev yooj yim mus ua ke kev kawm nrog active muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm, chasing ob hares - tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Lub fact tias nws yog nrog nws niam nws txiv, plaub cov kwv tij thiab ib tug muam nyob rau hauv ib tug me me chav tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow. Thiab mam li nco dheev txog tsev neeg feem ntau tsis txaus los ntawm kev nrhiav kom Chekhov sau.

Txaus luag dab neeg nws ua ib tug sau ntawm "loafers thiab kev txaus siab" (1882), uas yog tsis luam tawm los ntawm lub censorship yog vim li cas. Tus thawj tsis ua hauj lwm xwb tshwm sim lub budding txawj sau ntawv. Nws tom qab nyob rau hauv cov raug compressed formulation qhia txog nws tus kheej txug mus ua hauj lwm, "ua koomtxoos nco txog lub neej yuav tsis tsum huv si."

Ces tus tibneeg hu tauj coob pace ntawm lub neej yuav thab tus kab mob no. Nyob rau hauv 1884 cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm cov publisher ntawm lub magazine "shards" nees nkaum plaub Chekhov yws ntawm kev kub taub hau thiab ib tug tsis muaj peev xwm mus koom nyob rau hauv ntxiv xyaum. Nws tsom nkaus rau kev sau ntawv ua si. Nyob rau hauv 1884 nws luam tawm nws phau ntawv "Tales ntawm Melpomene," nyob rau hauv lub pseudonym Antosha Chehonte, thiab nyob rau hauv 1886 - "Lub yeeb yuj dab neeg." Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob phau ntawv ntawm humorous dab neeg Chekhov muab ntau precisely - ib tug parody. Ntawm no nws txuj ci manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm comic detective. Sau nws nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Nws thwmsim. Thiab xav kom tsis, nws parody ntawm lub nrov phau ntawv yog nrov.

Txawm li cas los, yav tom ntej classics tseem xav nyob rau hauv loj heev cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg Chekhov sau nram qab no. "Vanya" (1886) qhia zaj dab neeg txog cuaj ntsuag apprentice shoemaker Aliakhin, exploited thiab ua saib tsis taus tus me nyuam, quaj rau nws yawg Constantine Makarych coj nws tawm ntawm no "science khoom siv tes ua." Tshaj ib tug me nyuam tub, ib tug tub ntsuag, thab senior apprentice, nws yeej thiab rho los ntawm cov plaub hau nws tus kheej txua khau. Tub sau nyob rau hauv ib tug pre-Christmas hmo ntuj. Puas thiab kev cia siab kos los ntawm nws lub tswv yim, vividly theem txawj nyeem ntawv Chekhov. Vanka - ib tug me nyuam, thiab nws yuav xa nws ib tsab ntawv nrog ib tug me nyuam txoj kev kov ub kov no naivety "nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm kuv yawg." Raws li, qhov nyeem ntawv to taub tias Constantine Makarych twb tsis tau nyeem, thiab muaj yog tsis muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub troubled lub neej ntawm tus tub.

Tuav txawj sau ntawv Chekhov

Txij li thaum 1885, pib mus ua hauj lwm nrog nws loj heev kev sau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv: "Lavxias teb sab Thought", "Northern Herald". Nws yog luam tawm dab neeg luv luv "Lub npe hnub", zaj dab neeg "Lub steppe", "Ib tug Boring zaj dabneeg," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. Nyob rau hauv 1887 nws luam tawm ob tug collections ntawm cov dab neeg ( "dawb huv hais lus" thiab "Nyob rau hauv lub twilight"), nyob rau hauv 1888 - "Cov dab neeg" nyob rau hauv 1890 - "Tu siab heev neeg." Rau nws los paub. Nyob rau hauv 1888, tus kws twb muab tsub lub Pushkin nqi zog me me (ib nrab).

Nws yog cov yam ntxwv uas feem ntau ntawm cov tej hauj lwm ntawm no sau, txawm vnezhanrovym, cov txuj ci ntawm tus sau los xyuas kom meej kom zoo theem ntawm lawv tej chaw. Piv txwv li, "Kashtanka" Chekhov hlub los ntawm ntau tiam ntawm cov me nyuam. Nws pheej cia. Nws yuav zoo li uas tej zaum yuav yooj yim rau cov dab neeg hais txog yuav ua li cas tus aub (tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm ib tug dachshund thiab mongrel) chiv poob tswv, thiab ces, yuav luag ua ib tug circus, mam li nco dheev kuv pom nws. Tag nrho Chekhov tus yooj yim: tsis muaj wizards, tsis muaj mermaids. Txawm li cas los, zaj dab neeg tau yeej ib txwm hlub cov me nyuam.

Lus rau Sakhalin

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov tus evince nyob rau hauv nws ib tug txiv neej yog tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug heev kev cai no, tab sis heev kom nquag plias thiab inquisitive. Nyob rau hauv 1890, nws embarks rau ib txoj kev taug mus Sakhalin. Nws impressions ntawm qhov yuav luag peb-lub hlis txoj kev los ntawm Siberia, nws qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm cov nplooj ntawv "Los ntawm Siberia". Ces lwm peb lub hlis cov txawj sau ntawv siv nyob rau hauv Sakhalin, qhov uas nws sim ua kom to taub cov psychology thiab lub neej ntawm convicts, thiab thaum kawg rov qab mus rau Odessa los ntawm hiav txwv, mus xyuas Hong Kong ports rau. Ceylon, Singapore, Qaib Cov Txwv. Raws li ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib tug plaub-xyoo lus, nws pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv ntawm nplooj ntawv "Sakhalin". Sailed tsev, nws yuav nyob rau hauv lub Moscow xeev picturesque qub txeeg qub tes ntawm Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - to taub Sakhalin tswvyim. Tus tshiab theem ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov, raws li ntaub ntawv, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb heev lub sij hawm, hu ua lub suab nkauj nrog nws lub npe ntawm "Melikhovo". Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, tshwj xeeb flair classic Anton Pavlovich muaj ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv zej zog, nrog rau lub xaav ntawm lub feudal haiv neeg uas, raws li zoo raws li kom paub lub ugliness caum reactionary xwb. Txawm li cas los, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau ib phau ntawm "Sakhalin" tej hauj lwm Anton Pavlovich, uas tau los ua, thaum kawg, ib tug muaj nyiaj, nyob rau hauv nws newfound picturesque qub txeeg qub tes.

Lub chaw tiag tiag kev ywj pheej txawj sau ntawv - yog enormous. Buyers yog cia li khiav ri nrog phau ntawv rhawv sau tias A. P. Chehov "Cov dab neeg thiab novels." conceptual zaj dab neeg "Ward №6» tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo Melikhovo lub sij hawm ntawm creativity. Haib cim Chekhovian duab ntawm lub txaus ntshai grey neeg mob ruas lub zos, nyob qhov twg tag nrho cov tswv yim ntev-stifled, qhov twg qhov "attractions" yog cov cia li ib tug lub tsev kho mob, tiam sis lub tsev rau txim, rog cov txawj nyeem ntawv nrog rau tag nrho cov tsis hlub leejtwg li qhov tseeb, ua rau koj xav: "Yog vim li cas, hais tias peb yog ...". Tsis coj cai, uas nws stronghold yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob muab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg Dr. Ragin, nws txoj kev tuag (tus nqi zog ntawm txoj kev ntseeg) ua rau koj xav txog yuav ua li cas ua tau neeg yuav tsum nyob.

Tshiab hauj lwm los ntawm Chekhov ntseeg tsom kom meej meej progressing cim txawj sau ntawv uas sawv mus rau ib tug tshiab theem ntawm creativity.

Melikhovo. Khiav ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm lub peasantry

Anton Pavlovich, ua tsaug rau txhua txhua hnub sij hawm ua hauj lwm, tau los ua ib tug tiag tiag astute tswv. Nws kawm tau mus pom cov essence ntawm dab tsi hnub nws yog ua ntej lub qhov muag ntawm lab ntawm nws countrymen, tab sis nws twb tsis pom tau hais los ntawm lawv.

Russia nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais yog ib tug neeg pluag lub teb chaws. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Melikhovo nws muaj kev tswj kom pom dab tsi khaws cia ntsiag to gentlemen populists. Inquisitively li nram no rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub Hoobkas zos Kryukovo thiab Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Cov dab neeg "Cov ntaub ntawv kawm", "petticoat", raws li cov tim khawv, nyob rau hauv kom meej piav txog cov neeg tiag tiag, xws li cov cab - tub txawj tub ntse Hrymin, uas nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag yog "mob heev ntxiv."

Czechs qhib rau pej xeem kev nyeem ntawv cov neeg pluag Russia. Rau demagoguery, lus dag veiled hlub populists thiab lawv nkag siab txog lub dee ntawm lub peasants, muaj ib tug kev koom tes ntawm silence. Nws tawg nws Chekhov zaj dab neeg "Peasants". Nyob rau hauv nws classic tshaj tawm hais tias laj mej pej xeem uas peasants feem ntau "mob heev ntxiv dua nyob nyuj." Lawv yog cov rau qhov cov appallingly "txom nyem neuhozheny, qaug dej qaug cawv, qias neeg." Lawv muaj sab ntsuj plig zoo yog underdeveloped, lawv yog feem ntau "ntshai thiab phem" txhua lwm yam. Cov neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lawv ua txhaum cov tib neeg txoj cai ntawm lawv cov tib neeg meej mom. Lawv yuav tsum mus kawm ntawv, lawv txoj cai yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv!

Chekhov ua hauj lwm enthusiastically. Contemporaries nco ntsoov tias lub teeb nyob rau hauv nws chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Melikhovo feem ntau kub tuag tag nrho hmo ntuj.

Ib tug ntau haiv neeg palette ntawm classic

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau haiv neeg palette ntawm no master, nws tso siab tias nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm loj tej hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov mam li nco dheev sau cov me nyuam txoj dab neeg "Dawb-fronted". Ua tau, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov zajlus critics thiab tsis cia siab tias cov "engineer ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig los" yuav mam li nco dheev vnezhanrovogo zaj dabneeg cim. Thiab lo lus teb yog yooj yim: nws hlub cov me nyuam. Cov xwm txheej no twb tsis kaw nws: lawv cov me nyuam ib tug zoo kawg txawj sau ntawv nrog tus kab mob ntsws, yuav tsis tau. Txawm li cas los, nws coj kev kho mob ntawm cov me nyuam ntawm peasants, raising lawv mus kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj.

Nws - ib tug ntau yam txawj sau ntawv. Nrhiav neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub paj hlwb poob siab tshwm sim los ntawm nws ua npau suav phem, mam li nco dheev ua ib qho kev exciting thiab romantic ua hauj lwm "Cov Dub mlom", uas zog interwoven teeb meem cov ntse heev thiab creation.

Dhau li nyuaj tiag, Chekhov tsim thiab ua hauj lwm nrog ntawv ntsiab (tus tshiab "Kuv lub neej"). Nyob rau hauv "Lub tsev nrog lub Mezzanine" thiab "goosebumps" classic qhia zaj dab neeg txog lub diametrically opposite sab ntawm lub loj ntawm lub zos: lub puam tsuaj ntawm "Noble zes" thiab cov tsis muaj ntawm sab ntsuj plig nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "masters ntawm lub neej", cov tub luam. Qhov kawg-hais zaj dab neeg nrog "Cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib tug Case" thiab "Hais txog kev hlub" yog ib tug trilogy.

Nyob rau ob peb lub "Melikhovo" plays

Nyob rau hauv Melihove Anton Pavlovich tsim ib tug ci ntsa iab ua si "txiv ntxawm Vanya". Raws li nws succinctly nws qhia tib neeg ris txiaj thiab tag kev cia siab generated los ntawm nws! Vanya rau siab ntso ua hauj lwm pab tswv tsev Estates, Prof. muab nws scanty cov nyiaj hli. Tus tswv txiav txim siab muag rau nws, tsis txhawj txog txoj hmoo ntawm tus txiv neej, "uas nws tamed" (tus tom kawg phraseology - los ntawm "Tus me tub huabtais" Exupery).

Reflections ntawm txoj kev coj cov kos duab ntawm lub playwright los tsim ib tug tshiab masterpiece - "Lub Seagull" ua si. Nws Chekhov rau storylines ntawm txawv cim ua cov neeg tuaj saib kom to taub dab tsi yog qhov tiag tiag kos duab yog profoundly cim rau nws adept txoj kev ntawm zog ua hauj lwm ntawm tus ntsuj plig, tas nrho cov siab, cov neeg raug. Nws yog ib lub ua si lub heroine Nina Zarechnaya, tshee nram qab no txoj hauj lwm thiab ua ib tug actress. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv hais tias cov dluab ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm - qhov tiag cov neeg mus saib Melikhovo thiab storylines ua si npaum li cas nyob rau hauv ntau nrog lawv fates.

Yalta lub sij hawm ntawm creativity

Nyob rau hauv 1898, ib tug classic kab mob worsened, thiab nws thiab nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Yalta. Kom txog rau thaum lub kaum ib hlis 1899 (tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho lub tsev) Anton mus rau Moscow, qhov uas nws rents ib chav tsev. Ua tsev muaj ib tug tseem ceeb drawback rau ib tug neeg mob: nws yog txias nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no. Builders no kom muab tso tawm rauv. Nkag txawj sau ntawv qhia tias lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv nws chaw ua hauj lwm kub yog 11-12 degrees.

Nyob rau hauv Yalta, cov txawj sau ntawv obviously tsis nyiam. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntawm no nws yog deprived ntawm lub niaj zaus rau Melikhovo tshiab ua liaj ua teb khoom noj khoom haus. Qhov teeb meem yog tom thaum puav xyuas Muam Maria Pavlovna. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog feem ntau.

Sau classics nyob rau hauv Yalta, nyob rau hauv nws memoirs, heev npaum li cas tshaj nyob rau hauv Melekhovo. Nyob rau hauv 1901 nws tau sau cov kev ua si "Peb viv ncaus", cov dabneeg luv luv "Tus poj niam nrog tus aub", "tus npis sov". Raws li Melikhovo impressions tsim nyob rau hauv 1903 ua tiav ua hauj lwm ntawm "engineers ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig los" - cov kev ua si "Lub Cherry vaj txiv." Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm rendering lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Russia raws li ib tug txiv vaj txiv.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub neej ua ntau yam kom nquag plias tus kab mob. Tus kws sau ntawv tuag nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 2, 1904 nyob rau hauv lub German spa lub zos ntawm Badenweiler.

xaus

Txij li thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus, peb lub neej xws li Chekhov cov phau ntawv. Nws yog ib lub creation ntawm sau-dreamer, uas nyob rau hauv lub lig XIX xyoo pua yog tau Vajlugkub yeej qhia lawv cov compatriots tej hauj lwm uas yuav tsum tau nyob txawv. Nws yog ib tug staunch tus nrog sib ntaus ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug tshwj xeeb tswv ntawm lo lus. Anton hu ua los tsim kom tau ib lub neej tshiab, fragrant thiab zoo nkauj li lub txiv vaj txiv.