Cov kab mob ntawm putrefaction thiab decomposition

Cov kab mob nyob qhov txhia chaw: nyob rau hauv av thiab nyob rau hauv dej, nyob rau hauv lub hauv av thiab nyob rau hauv dej, nyob rau hauv huab cua, nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lwm yam creatures ntawm qhov. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tug noj qab nyob zoo neeg laus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob ntau tshaj 10 txhiab hom kab mob, thiab lawv yuag tag nrho yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 3 feem pua ntawm cov tag nrho lub cev muaj ceeb thawj. Part me me creatures raws li cov zaub mov siv organics. Cov lawv ib tug muaj koob qhov chaw nyob los ntawm cov putrefaction kab mob. Lawv rhuav tshem cov seem ntawm tus tuag lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, pub rau cov teeb meem no.

tej yam ntuj tso kev

Lub decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem yog ib tug natural txheej txheem thiab kuj obligatory, raws li yog hais zoo-npaj xwm. Tsis muaj hniav lwj nws yuav tau tsis yooj yim sua ncig ntawm tshuaj rau lub ntiaj teb. Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tej yam tshwm sim ntawm decomposition txhais hais tias lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab lub neej, tawm ua ntej. Cov kab mob rot ntawm no - VIPs! Ntawm tag nrho cov wealth ntawm cov organic neej cov ntaub ntawv lawv yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub sij hawm-siv thiab indispensable cov txheej txheem.

Yuav ua li cas yog lwj

Cov kab hauv qab yog hais tias lub complex lov rau hauv yooj yim hais nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg teeb meem. Niaj hnub nimno sawv cev zaum txog cov txheej txheem uas puv organic tebchaw rau hauv inorganic, yuav piav raws li nram no:

• Cov kab mob muaj metabolic lwj, uas lov cov tshuaj txoj kev sib txuas lus organic molecules muaj nitrogen. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hwj chim capture protein thiab cov amino acids.
• Enzymes uas tsim kab mob thaum lub sij hawm cleavage tso tawm ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulfide los ntawm protein molecules.
• Cov khoom uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev rot kab mob, yog siv los nrhiav tau lub zog.

tso ammonia

Lub nitrogen voj voog - ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Ib tug micro-kab muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws - ib qho ntawm feem ntau heev heev pawg. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems, lawv ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv es ua av mineralization. Li no lub npe - decomposer (uas txhais tau tias "es"). Muaj lug sawv cev kab mob degradation thiab putrefaction ammonifying, i.e. muaj peev xwm ntawm tso nitrogen los ntawm cov neeg tuag organic teeb meem. Nws asporogenous enterobacteria, bacilli, spore-txoj kev clostridia.

Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis - ib qho ntawm feem ntau, thiab kev soj ntsuam kawm cov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov av, cia li ua pa siv oxygen. Lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg - ib tug nuclear-free cell. Qhov no microorganism yog ib tug ncaj loj, cov duab uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tsuas ua. Yuav kom muab ua hay Bacillus protease - catalyzing enzymes uas nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm nws hlwb. Siv enzymes kab mob no raug rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov protein molecule (peptide nras amino acids), amino pab pawg neeg li liberated. Feem ntau, txoj kev no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv thiab ua rau yus lub synthesis ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cell (ATP). Degradation tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob (rot), nrog los ntawm cov tsim ntawm tshuaj lom tebchaw uas muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog no substance

Tus thawj yog qhov kawg khoom ntawm ammonia thiab hydrogen sulfide. Tsis tas li ntawd, Yog hais tias tsis tiav mineralization tsim:

• cadaveric tshuaj lom (cadaverine, piv txwv li);
• uas muaj ntxhiab cim compound (skatole, indole);
• ntawm lwj amino acids muaj leej faj, thiols tsim, dimethylsulfoxide.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tej tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition txheej txheem - ib feem ntawm lub digestive txheej txheem rau muaj ntau yam tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Nws tshwm sim feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov nyuv, thiab cov kab mob uas ua rau lwj, ua si lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws. Tab sis yuav ua tau kom tej xwm txheej phem nyob rau hauv loj-scale lom ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus lwj. Tus txiv neej yog nyob rau hauv ceev yuav tsum tau kev kho mob, ntxuav cov hnyuv thiab rov qab kho cov microflora txoj kev kho. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsub zuj zuj ntawm ammonia nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav tau triggered thaum uas tej hom ntawm cov kab mob, xws li E. coli. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv ib co ntaub so ntswg noog ammonia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub qub hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab nws yog txuas mus rau lub urea thiab ces tas los rau ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

saprotrophs

Putrefaction kab mob xa mus rau saprotrophs, nrog rau fermentation los ntawm cov kab mob. Ob nqis organic tebchaw - nitrogen thiab cov pa roj carbon, ntsig txog. Nyob rau hauv ob leeg, lub zog yog tso tawm uas yog siv rau lub hwj chim thiab lub neej txhawb nqa microorganisms. Yog tsis muaj fermentation ntawm cov kab mob (piv txwv li, cov mis nyuj), noob neej yuav tsis tau txais tej yam tseem ceeb cov zaub mov zoo li yogurt los yog cheese. Tsis tas li ntawd lug lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus thiab winemaking.

Tab sis saprotrophic kab mob yuav ua rau hniav lwj thiab txhob lwj. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no feem ntau yog nrog nws kim heev kev tso tawm ntawm carbon dioxide, ammonia, zog, tib neeg tej yam tshuaj lom, raws li zoo raws li cua sov rau cov substrate (tej thaum mus txog rau nws tus kheej-ignition). Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tau kawm los mus tsim tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas lub lwj kab mob poob lawv muaj peev xwm rau cov me nyuam, los yog tsuas yog tuag. Cov kev ntsuas tiv thaiv cov khoom xws li kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab listeriosis, los ntawm cov uas txuag tau muab khaws rau ib tug kuj ntev lub sij hawm. Poob lawv thaj chaw ntawm tus kab mob no thiab khov cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv antiquity, thaum tseem tsis tau tau paub kev niaj hnub los ntawm txhob lwj pathogenic microflora khoom tiv thaiv kev siv lub kom qhuav, salting, saccharification, raws li ntsev thiab suab thaj nruab nrab kab mob ntaug lawv tseem ceeb heev functions thiab thaum lub sij hawm qhuav tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm cov dej tsim nyog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob .

Cov kab mob ntawm lwj: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm micro-kab nyob rau hauv lub biosphere

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm xws kab mob rau tag nrho lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb yuav tsis tau overestimated. Nyob rau hauv lub biosphere, vim lawv muaj peev xwm mus nyob ammonifiers lossi yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm decomposition uas twb tuag lawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu thiab lawv tom ntej mineralization. Tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj thiab cov tebchaw ntawm ib tug inorganic xwm, cov uas cov pa roj carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide thiab lwm tus neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ncig ntawm tshuaj yog kev noj haus rau cov nroj tsuag, luv luv hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub zog los ntawm ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm tus muaj thiab fauna ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau lwm yam, muab ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej tshiab .

nitrogen yog tsis muaj nyob rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov kab mob putrefaction lawv yuav tsis siab pub thiab loj hlob.

Putrefaction kab mob ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov av tsim dab, decomposing tuag organic khoom rau hauv nws cov feem chaw. Nws yog lawv tej khoom ua ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Thaum kawg, cov kev ua ntawm kab mob tsis muaj tus hais tias nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb, xws li dej chaw, yuav tsis littered nrog decomposing lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, thiab lawv tuag rau ib tug txiav txim nqi ntawm lub sij hawm, lub hav zoov ntawm cov ntiaj chaw!