Cov neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv ib tug electrostatic teb. Conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics

Ib tug tshuaj muaj ib tug dawb particle nrog xwb tsiv los ntawm lub cev los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob field nyob rau hauv ib yaam, hu ua neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv ib tug electrostatic teb. Ib tug particle hu dawb nqi. Dielectrics, rau lwm cov tes, tsis muaj lawv. Conductors thiab insulators yog cov xwm sib txawv thiab zog.

neeg xyuas pib

Lub electrostatic teb conductors - co, alkaline, acidic thiab saline daws teeb meem, thiab cov ionized gases. Cov dawb xwb muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlau - yog free electrons.

Thaum tau txais daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub hluav taws xob field, nyob rau lub hlau - conductors tsis them nyiaj, yuav tsiv mus nyob rau ib lub tsheb txawv rau cov vector teb voltage. Accumulating rau ntawm ib sab, tus electrons yuav tsim kom muaj ib tug tsis zoo xwb thiab lwm yam sab ntawm lawv tsis txaus tus nqi yuav ua rau cov tsos ntawm ntau heev zoo xwb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov nqi seem. Uncompensated txawv nqi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug sab nraud teb. Yog li, lawv ntxias, thiab tus neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv lub electrostatic teb ntawm tus nqi nyob.

uncompensated nqi

Electrifying, thaum nqi yog rov muaj yais tawm ntawm lub qhov chaw hauv lub cev, yog hu ua electrostatic induction. Uncompensated hluav taws xob nqi rau lub cev, lub sab hauv thiab sab nraud nro opposite rau txhua lwm yam. Sib cais thiab ces noog nyob rau sab sab ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, nrog teb lub zog nce. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yuav pes tsawg. Ces tus nqi yog balanced.

Yog li tag nrho cov uncompensated xwb yog nyob sab nraum. Qhov tseeb yog siv tau cov electrostatic tiv thaiv, kev tiv thaiv nws los ntawm tus ntawm teb. Lawv muab tso rau hauv ib daim phiaj los yog ib tug grounded hlau vaj tse nyob.

dielectrics

Tshuaj tsis muaj free hluav taws xob xwb ntawm standard tej yam kev mob (i.e., thaum kub yog tsis siab dhau heev lawm thiab tsis tshua muaj) yog hu ua insulators. Cov hais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj peev xwm tsis mus los ntawm lub cev thiab txav me ntsis xwb. Yog li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob nqi uas txuas.

Dielectrics raug muab faib ua tej pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecular qauv. Cov molecules ntawm dielectrics ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg yog asymmetrical. Cov no muaj xws li ib txwm dej thiab nitrobenzene, thiab dej caw. Lawv zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi tsis coincide. Lawv ua raws li hluav taws xob dipoles. Tej molecules yog xam tau tias yog cov ncov qaumteb qabteb. Lawv hluav taws xob lub sij hawm ntawd yog ib tug finite tus nqi rau tag nrho cov txawv tej yam kev mob.

Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg muaj dielectrics, uas nws molecules muaj ib tug symmetrical qauv. Qhov no paraffin, oxygen, nitrogen. Zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi lawv muaj ib tug zoo xws li cov ntsiab lus. Yog hais tias tsis muaj lwm hluav taws xob field, thiab cov hluav taws xob dipole lub sij hawm ntawd tseem yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Qhov no tsis yog-polar molecules.

Tsis zoo li cov nqi nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud teb tau offset chaw tswj nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia. Lawv hloov mus rau hauv dipoles thiab tau txais ib fais caij.

Dielectrics ntawm peb pab pawg neeg muaj ib tug siv lead ua qauv ntawm lub ions.

Interestingly, nws behaves zoo li ib tug dipole nyob rau hauv ib tug sab nraud homogeneous teb (vim hais tias nws yog ib tug qauv uas muaj nonpolar thiab ncov qaumteb qabteb dielectrics).

Tej xwb dipole muab tej txiaj ntsim hwj chim, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug thiab cov tib module, tab sis ib tug txawv taw qhia (lub opposite). Tsim ob rog muaj ib tug torque nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug dipole uas nyhav tig kom cov kev taw qhia vectors coincide. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tau txais cov sab nraud teb.

Cov uas tsis yog-polar dielectric lwm hluav taws xob field yog tsis tam sim no. Yog li ntawd, ib tug qauv devoid ntawm hluav taws xob lub sij hawm. Lub ncov qaumteb qabteb dielectric thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab yog tsim nyob rau hauv kev kub ntxhov. Vim hais tias ntawm no hluav taws xob lub sij hawm muaj qhia sib txawv, thiab lawv vector sum - zero. Hais tias yog, tus insulator muaj ib tug hluav taws xob lub sij hawm ntawd.

Dielectric nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub hluav taws xob field

Dielectric muab tso rau hauv ib yam hluav taws xob field. Peb twb paub hais tias cov dipoles - molecules yog ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab uas tsis yog-polar dielectrics, uas yog qhia, nyob ntawm seb cov sab nraud teb. Lawv vectors yog yuam kom them. Ces tus sum ntawm cov vectors yog tsis pes tsawg, thiab cov insulator muaj ib tug hluav taws xob lub sij hawm ntawd. Hauv nws, muaj yog ob leeg zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi uas vzaimokompensirumy thiab nyob ze rau txhua lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, lub insulator thiab tsis tau txais ib tug xwb.

Tawm tsam muaj chaw muaj uncompensated polarization nqi uas yog muaj sib npaug, uas yog, lub dielectric yog polarized.

Yog hais tias koj coj ib tug ionic insulator thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob field, tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm ions, nws yog me ntsis moog. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug dielectric ionic tau txais hluav taws xob lub sij hawm ntawd.

Lub polarization nqi tsim nws electric teb uas muaj ib tug kev coj rov qab mus rau nraum zoov. Yog li ntawd, lub electrostatic teb uas yog generated los ntawm cov nqi muab tso nyob rau hauv lub insulator tau yog tsawg dua nyob rau hauv vacuo.

neeg xyuas pib

Ib tug txawv daim duab yog tsim nrog conductors. Yog hais tias lub fais conductors ntxiv mus rau lub electrostatic teb, muaj tshwm sim ncov tam sim no, raws li sawv dawb nqi hluav taws xob hwj chim yuav ua rau kom cov tsos ntawm cov lus tsa suab. Tab sis nws yog tseem lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho txoj kev cai thermodynamic irreversibility, thaum muaj loj-scale txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw system thiab lub zog yuav tsum nws thiaj li xaus, thiab equilibrate lub system.

Neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv ib tug electrostatic teb - yog ib lub cev ntawm cov hlau, qhov twg electrons pib tawm tsam tus quab yuam cov kab thiab pib mus ntxiv nyob rau sab laug. Neeg xyuas pib txoj kev poob electrons thiab tau txais ib tug zoo xwb. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov nqi nws yuav kis tau nws cov hluav taws xob field. Qhov no yog hu ua electrostatic induction.

Hauv tus neeg xyuas pib ntawm lub electrostatic teb lub zog yog pes tsawg, uas yog ib qho yooj yim los ua pov thawj los ntawm tsiv rov qab.

Nta ntawm kev coj cwj pwm xwb

Tus nqi sau rau tus neeg xyuas pib nto. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog faib li ntawd tus nqi ceev yog teem rau ntawm qhov chaw curvature. Ntawm no nws yuav muaj ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw.

Conductors thiab semiconductors muaj ib tug curvature ntawm cov feem ntau mob lub npoo thiab sib npaug. Muaj tseem pom loj xwb ceev. Nrog rau nws loj hlob thiab loj hlob tensions muaj. Yog li ntawd, qhov no tsim ib tug muaj zog hluav taws xob field. Nws zoo nkaus li corona xwb, vim uas tsiaj cov nqi los ntawm cov neeg xyuas pib.

Yog hais tias peb saib tus neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv ib tug electrostatic teb, uas muab tshem tawm lub puab ib feem, yuav qhia cov kab noj hniav. Los ntawm no tsis muaj dab tsi yuav hloov, vim hais tias lub teb nws tsis yog, thiab yeej tsis yuav. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav nws tsis yog los ntawm txhais.

xaus

Peb rov los xyuas dua lub conductors thiab dielectrics. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm to taub lawv sib txawv thiab nta ntawm zaub zoo nyob rau hauv uas zoo sib xws tej yam kev mob. Yog li ntawd, lawv coj tag nrho txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub hluav taws xob field.