Geiger counter los yog lwm yam khoom rau xab cov theem ntawm hluav taws xob

Seev, uas nws ua hauj lwm yog xyuas kom cov tawg theem nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi yuav luag mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov neeg siv electronics. Yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem no ua hauj lwm thiab yog vim li cas nws tau ua thiaj li nrov?

Yuav ua li cas yog nws ua hauj lwm?

Qhov tseem zoo-paub thiab nrov ntaus ntawv ntsuas radioactivity - Geiger counter. Nws lub npe thiab tus me nyuam yug nws tshuav nqi German physicist Hans Geiger, uas tsim no ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv 1908 ua ke nrog rau lwm cov zoo-paub zaum - Ernest Rutherford. 20 xyoo tom qab, Geiger rov qab mus rau nws tsim muaj thiab neeg dawb huv nws ua ke nrog physicist W. Muller. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov no ntaus ntawv ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, nws twb tau ntse siv nyob rau hauv peb hnub. Feem ntau cov tsev neeg dosimeters yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus mus rau nws.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib Geiger counter? Nws lub ntsiab caij - ib tug kaw lub khob los yog hlau kheej kheej sau nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm inert gases - neon thiab argon. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub tog raj kheej, ob electrodes yog muab tso rau. Raws li yog lub npe hu, lub tawg yoj propagates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hais. Thaum tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm xws hais ntog nyob rau hauv lub 'meter', cov roj sib tov yog ionized: gas atoms ua energized, xwv kom lawv yuav teeb li. Qhov no tus txheej txheem thiab lub tsau counter. Rau npe lub caij nyoog tooj ntawm tej hais, lub ionization txheej txheem yog quenched artificially. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau cov zauv feem ntawm ib tug thib ob. Thaum nrhiav kom tau ntawm tej hais geiger counter ua ib tug yam ntxwv snapping suab.

Tawg theem ntsuas nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Nrog rau geiger txee nquag siv scintillator muaju. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias ib txhia tshuaj (e.g., sodium iodide los yog zinc sulphide) illuminated thaum nrhiav kom tau ntawm hluav taws xob. Number of flashes nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntau ntawm hluav taws xob tshuaj thiab tsau los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb chav tsev - ib tug photomultiplier.

Lwm cov kev xaiv - ib tug tshuaj txoj kev nrhiav kom tau ntawm radioactivity. Nws yuav siv tshuaj tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, chloroform decomposes thiab ntaub ntawv HCl, uas nkag mus rau rau hauv ib lub cev nqaij daim tawv tshuaj tiv thaiv uas cov xim ntxiv rau chloroform.

Qhov twg tawg yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub?

Vim li cas thiaj xav tau qhov khoom rau cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo rau lub thaj yeeb atom? Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus dosimeter radioactivity siv los mus ntsuas tawg ntau nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus los yog lub tsev ntaub ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd mus saib rau radioactivity yuav tsaws rau uas yuav ua tau los yog npaj los tsim kom tau ib lub tsev. Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim hais tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, noob neej muaj kev disdain tawg, teem sijhawm nuclear sam plag nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau cov chaw npaj txhij - nyob rau seabed los yog nyob rau hauv ib co uas kuv. Lub Chernobyl kev puas tsuaj tau rau coob leej saib rau tawg nrog txawv ob lub qhov muag. Thiab tsis ntev los no kev huam yuaj ntawm cov "Fukushima" ua ib tug geiger counter thiab dosimeters lwm yam nrov.

Feem ntau, tawg saib rau lub tsev siv yog me me. Lawv yog nruab nrog qhia, qhov uas koj yuav saib tau lub theem ntawm hluav taws xob. Dosimeters yuav ua tau kev ceeb toom txog thiab doorsteps. thawj hom kev ntaus ntawv txhais thaum tau siab tshaj lub pub theem ntawm hluav taws xob, uas yog preset los ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Yog hais tias audibly. Cov dosimeters yog pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim siv. Devices ntawm lub thib ob hom qhia ib qho kev theem ntawm hluav taws xob, tus Harbor theem yuav tau teem caij rau lawv manually. Xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv yog ntau yooj yim rau cov tub txawg thaum ib tug neeg paub raws nraim li cas theem ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog txaus ntshai.

Raws li koj tau pom, ntes tawg nyob rau hauv nyob tej yam kev mob yog heev sai tau. Tab sis lub xub ntiag ntawm lub dosimeter nyob rau hauv lub tsev tsis ua rau koj ib tug kev. Yog li ntawd, raws li qhov kev nrhiav kom tau ntawm tus kab mob no cov khoom los yog qhov chaw yuav tsum tau pab los ntawm cov kws txawj tseem muaj.