Holography - nws ... Lub tswvyim, txujci, daim ntawv thov

Holographic duab ntawm niaj hnub no yog nce siv. Ib txhia txawm ntseeg hais tias nws yuav hloov lub npe hu txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus thaum lub sij hawm. Zoo li nws los yog tsis, tab sis tam sim no nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov ntawm peb yeej paub holographic stickers. Ib tug ntau ntawm manufacturers siv rau lawv raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cuav. Lub yees duab hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias ib co holographic stickers. Lawv daim ntawv thov - ib tug heev zoo txoj kev tiv thaiv cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv cuav.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm holography

Peb-dimensional duab tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm refraction, tau pib kawm kuj ntev los no. Txawm li cas los, peb yuav hais lus ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm. Dennis Gabor, British tus paub txog, thawj qhia tau nyob rau hauv 1948, nws yog ib holography. Qhov no discovery yog qho tseem ceeb heev, tab sis nws loj tshaj tus nqi ntawm lub sij hawm yog tsis tau khees. Ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1950, soj ntsuam ntawm muaj kev txom nyem los ntawm cov tsis muaj ib lub teeb qhov chaw muaj ib tug coherence - ib tug tseem ceeb heev feature rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm holography. Tus thawj laser twb manufactured nyob rau hauv 1960. Nrog rau qhov no ntaus ntawv nws yog ua tau yuav tau txais lub teeb muaj txaus coherence. Juris Upatnieks thiab immet Leith, US zaum tau siv los tsim cov thawj hologram. Nrog lawv pab nws tau peb-dimensional dluab ntawm cov khoom.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, txoj kev tshawb txuas ntxiv. Pua pua ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv uas soj ntsuam txog lub tswvyim ntawm holography, tau txij li thaum tau luam tawm, thiab luam tawm ntau phau ntawv nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, cov hauj lwm no hais rau cov tub txawg thiab tsis yog cov general nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm uas peb yuav tham txog txhua yam siv tau lus.

Yuav ua li cas yog holography

Koj muaj peev xwm muaj cov nram qab txhais: holography - yog tau los ntawm cov laser volumetric yees duab. Txawm li cas los, qhov no txhais tsis yog nkaus fee, raws li muaj ntau ntau lwm yam hom ntawm peb-dimensional duab. Txawm li cas los, nws qhia cov feem ntau tseem ceeb: holography - ib tug kev txoj kev uas tso cai rau kom "cov ntaub ntawv" cov tsos ntawm ib tug kwv; nws yuav pab tau nrhiav tau ib tug peb-dimensional duab uas zoo li tus tiag tiag tshaj plaws; kev siv cov lasers tau tseem ceeb heev rau nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Holography thiab nws daim ntawv thov

holography txoj kev tshawb no yuav pab qhia ntxiv ntau ntawm cov teeb meem txuam nrog rau cov pa photography. Raws li ib tug fine art, duab peb-dimensional duab yuav txawm cam rau yav tas, vim hais tias nws tso cai rau koj mus raws li lub ntiaj teb no ntau kom raug thiab kom raug.

Zaum tej zaum emit era nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej los ntawm txoj kev sib txuas lus, uas tau lub npe hu nyob rau hauv tej yam centuries. Koj muaj peev xwm hais tias, piv txwv li, ntawm uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv ancient hieroglyphics ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, ntawm cov invention nyob rau hauv 1450 ntawm lub printing xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov cai nta hauj kev kho tshiab, tshiab txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus, xws li TV thiab xov tooj, nyob ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm. Txawm hais tias holographic hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tseem nyob rau hauv nws kiag thaum nws los txog rau nws siv nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm, muaj yog vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias ntaus ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsum tau mus hloov lub npe hu txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, los yog tsawg kawg ntev lub Scope ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov.

Science tseeb cov ntaub ntawv thiab nrov xovxwm feem ntau portrayed holography nyob rau hauv lub tsis ncaj ncees lawm, distorted lub teeb. Lawv feem ntau tsim ib tug tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub tswv yim hais txog cov qauv no. Peb-dimensional duab, pom tus thawj lub sij hawm, fascinating. Tab sis tsis muaj tsawg impressive yog lub cev piav qhia txog cov cai hais txog nws kiag li lawm.

Lub cuam qauv

Muaj peev xwm mus saib tej khoom raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub teeb tsis muaj refracted los ntawm los yog thaws rov los los ntawm lawv, tau mus rau hauv peb lub qhov muag. Reflected lub teeb los ntawm ib tug kwv yus yoj daim ntawv ntawm cov yoj pem hauv ntej coj mus rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Daim duab ntawm tsaus ntuj nti thiab lub teeb kab txaij (los yog kab) tsim tau ob pawg kev to taub tau lub teeb tsis uas cuam tshuam. Qhov no tas ib lub ntim holography. Cov ntaub ntawv ib daim hlab nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub comprise thaum lawv tseem hais tias nyob tsuas yog nyob rau qhov zoo ntawm lub wavefronts tsis uas nrog txhua lwm yam. Xws li ib tug duab no yog hu ua cuam. Nws yuav tsau, piv txwv li, rau ib tug photographic phaj, yog tias koj muab nws nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhov twg muaj ib tug yoj cuam.

Qhov ntau ntawm holograms

Txoj kev tso cai rau koj mus sau (sau npe) reflected ntawm tus kwv yoj pem hauv ntej, thiab ces mus rau restore nws thiaj hais tias cov tuav xav tias nws pom qhov tiag tiag tshaj plaws, thiab yog holography. Cov nyhuv no, uas yog vim lub fact tias peb cov-dimensional duab yog tau rau tus tib neeg raws li qhov tiag.

Muaj ntau ntau ntau hom kev holograms, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus tau tsis meej pem. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los mus txiav txim qhov no los yog hais tias zoo, yuav tsum tau noj plaub los yog txawm tsib adjectives. Los ntawm tag nrho lawv tej poob lawm, peb xav txog xwb qhov yooj yim cov chav kawm ntawv uas siv niaj hnub holography. Txawm li cas los, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum tau mus tham nrog ib tug me ntsis txog qhov no yoj phenomenon ntawm diffraction. Hais tias nws tso cai rau peb mus tsim (los yog es los sis) lub wavefront.

diffraction

Yog hais tias ib tug kwv yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub teeb, nws ntiab ib tug duab ntxoov ntxoo. Lub teeb khoov rau ob sab nyob ib ncig ntawm tus kwv, los tej mus rau hauv tus duab ntxoov ntxoo cheeb tsam. Cov nyhuv no yog hu ua diffraction. Nws yog vim lub yoj xwm ntawm lub teeb, tab sis mus rau piav qhia txog nws yog heev yooj yim mus nruj me ntsis.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug heev me me kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb penetrates mus rau hauv tus duab ntxoov ntxoo cheeb tsam, yog li peb yuav luag tsis pom nws. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug plurality ntawm me me obstacles, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm uas roos xwb ib ob peb lengths ntawm lub teeb yoj ntawm nws txoj kev, qhov no ua rau yuav heev hnov li cas.

Yog hais tias lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub wavefront ntog rau ib tug loj ib lub chaw khuam siab, "ntog" cov ib feem ntawm nws, hais tias tsis cuam tshuam rau seem thaj tsam ntawm lub wavefront. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug ntau me me obstacles nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev, nws yog hloov los ntawm diffraction yog li ntawd lub kis ntawm lub teeb teeb meem yuav muaj ib tug qualitatively txawv yoj pem hauv ntej.

Lub transformation yog li ntawd muaj zog hais tias txawm teeb pib kis nyob rau hauv lwm cov kev taw qhia. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub diffraction tso cai rau peb kom peb hloov cov thawj wavefront nyob rau hauv ib tug heev cov los ntawm nws. Yog li, diffraction - lub mechanism uas peb tau txais lub tshiab wavefront. Tus ntaus ntawv piav saum toj no los ntawm txoj kev ua nws, xa mus rau raws li ib tug diffraction grating. Peb yuav qhia ntxiv hais txog nws.

diffraction grating

Qhov no yog ib tug me me phaj nrog ib tug tso thereon nyias thaum uas tig mus ncaj cwj nrag (kab). Lawv spaced sib nrug los ntawm ib tug puas los yog txawm tias ib tug thousandth ntawm ib millimeter. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim yog hais tias tus laser beam rau nws txoj kev raws li daim phiaj uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm fuzzy tsaus thiab kaj bands? Ib feem ntawm nws yuav dhau ncaj qha los ntawm tus tuav, thiab ib co - curl. Yog li tsim ob tug tshiab beams uas tawm lub grating ntawm ib yam lub mus rau tus thawj beam thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm nws. Yog hais tias ib tug muaj ib tug laser beam, piv txwv li, ib tug dav hlau wavefront, ob tsim los ntawm cov sab ntawm tus tshiab beam kuj yuav muaj ib tug planar wavefronts. Yog li, los ntawm xeem dhau los ntawm ib tug diffraction grating laser beam, peb tsim ob tug tshiab yoj fronts (tiaj). Thaj, lub diffraction grating yuav suav hais tias raws li qhov nyuaj piv txwv ntawm ib tug hologram.

hologram npe

Kawm paub txog tej ntsiab cai ntawm holography yuav tsum tau pib nrog ib tug kev tshawb no ntawm ob tug dav hlau yoj fronts. Interacting, lawv tsim ib qho cuam tshuam txawv, uas yog muab sau tseg rau muab tso rau hauv tib lub qhov chaw nyob qhov twg muaj ib qho screen, photographic phaj. Qhov no theem ntawm tus txheej txheem (thawj) nyob rau hauv holography yog hu ua ib cov ntaub ntawv (los yog teev) ntawm lub hologram.

restore duab

Peb hais tsis xav hais tias ib tug ntawm lub dav hlau tsis - A, thiab lub thib ob - V. Namely reference yoj, thiab B - cov kev kawm, uas yog reflected ntawm tus kwv uas nws duab yog tsau. Nws yuav nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev txawv los ntawm cov kev siv yoj. Txawm li cas los, thaum tsim lub hologram yog tsim peb-dimensional tiag tiag khoom muaj nuj nqis ntau wavefront ntawm lub teeb thaws rov los los ntawm tus kwv.

Lub cuam txawv, muab rau ib tug photographic zaj duab xis (ie, muaj ib tug duab ntawm lub grating), - qhov no yog qhov hologram. Nws yuav muab tso nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm cov thawj reference beam (laser beam muaj ib tug dav hlau wavefront). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ob tog yuav tsim nyob rau 2 tshiab yoj pem hauv ntej. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv yog ib tug caij nyoog daim ntawv ntawm cov kwv yoj pem hauv ntej uas propagates nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj raws li tus yoj W. Qhov saum toj no kauj ruam yog hu ua tus reconstructed duab.

Lub holographic txheej txheem

Lub cuam txawv, uas yog tsim los ntawm ob tug dav hlau coherent tsis yog tom qab ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau lub yees duab phaj yog ib tug ntaus ntawv uas yuav rov qab tau rau lwm lub dav hlau yoj illumination nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib yam ntawm cov tsis. Lub holographic txheej txheem, yog li muaj nram qab no thiab: rau npe thiab tom ntej "cia" ntawm lub yoj pem hauv ntej ntawm lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hologram (cuam qauv) thiab nws cov tov ntawm txhua lub sij hawm tom qab cov zaj los ntawm cov kev siv yoj hologram.

Subject wavefront yuav ua tau ib yam. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav tsum reflected los ntawm ib tug tiag tiag kwv, thaum yog hais tias nws yog ib tug coherent siv yoj. Tsim los ntawm ob wavefronts muaj coherence, lub cuam tshuam tus qauv - qhov no yog ib tug ntaus ntawv uas tso cai rau koj yuav hloov vim lub diffraction ntawm ib qho ntawm cov fronts nyob rau hauv lwm. Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas thaum tseem ceeb mus rau lub phenomenon ntawm holography. Dennis Gabor thawj sab cuab yeej no.

Cov soj duab generated los ntawm cov hologram

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, nws pib mus rau yuav siv tau ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv rau kev nyeem ntawv holograms - holographic projector. Nws tso cai rau koj yuav hloov ib tug duab los ntawm ob mus rau peb-dimensional. Txawm li cas los, mus saib ib tug yooj yim hologram, holographic projector yog tsis yuav tsum tau. Piav mentsis txog yuav ua li cas nrog tej dluab.

Yuav kom soj ntsuam lub elementary hologram duab no yog tsim, nws yog tsim nyog los muab nws ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 1 Meter ntawm lub qhov muag. Los ntawm diffraction grating xav tau kev pab mus saib cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv uas lub dav hlau tsis (rov qab los) los ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas raws nraim dav hlau tsis nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus saib, ib tug holographic duab yog tseem tiaj tiaj. Nws zoo nkaus li rau peb raws li yog hais tias "dawb paug phab ntsa" uas tusyees illuminates lub teeb muaj tib xim li cov coj laser. Txij li thaum tej yam tshwm sim no "Phab ntsa" yog deprived, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas nyob deb nws yog. Nws zoo nkaus li yog tias koj saib nyob rau hauv lub nyob rau ntawm infinity tshaj lub phab ntsa, tab sis koj yuav saib tau tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws, uas yog tau mus pom los ntawm ib tug me me "qhov rais" uas yog ib tug hologram. Yog li ntawd, ib tug hologram - yog tusyees illuminated nto rau qhov uas peb yuav tsis pom dab tsi tsim nyog ntawm cov xim.

Lub diffraction grating (hologram) tso cai rau peb kom coj ib tug ob peb yam yooj yim los. Lawv muaj peev xwm qhia rau kev siv ntawm holograms thiab lwm hom. Dhau los ntawm lub diffraction grating, lub teeb beam yog split, txoj kev ob tug tshiab beam. Siv laser beams yuav ci ntsa iab ib yam diffraction grating. Lub tawg yuav tsum muaj ib tsos kob txawv ntawm uas siv nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov xim beam dabtsi yog khoov nyob rau hauv dab tsi xim nws muaj. Yog hais tias nws yog liab (qhov ntev-wavelength), xws li ib tug beam yog khoov duav ntawm ib tug ntau dua lub kaum ntse ntse tshaj cov kob xiav beam, uas muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws wavelength.

Los ntawm lub grating yuav hla ib tug sib tov ntawm tag nrho cov xim, piv txwv li dawb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhua lub xim feem ntawm cov hologram bends nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub. Thaum cov qhov tso zis spectrum yog tsim zoo xws li cov tsim plaub.

Kev tso kawm ntawm tus grating kab

Cwj nrag ntawm lub grating yuav tsum tau ua zoo heev rau txhua tus lwm yam hais tias nws yog hnov dabtsi yog khoov ntawm lub teeb rays. Piv txwv li, rau lub curvature ntawm lub liab lub beam ntawm 20 ° yog tsim nyog tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub grooves tsis pub tshaj 0,002 hli. Yog hais tias lawv tso ntau zoo, ib tug ray ntawm lub teeb pib khoov txawm ntau. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav "sau" ib tug muab lattice phaj yog yuav tsum tau, uas muaj peev xwm sau li nyias qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog los phaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm raug thiab tseem tag tsis txawj thaum lub sij hawm sau npe.

Cov duab yuav tsum tau muab smeared npaum li cas txawm nyob rau hauv lub slightest lub zog, li thiaj li hais tias nws yuav kiag li indistinguishable. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb yeej tsis pom cuam txawv, cia li ib khob phaj tshaj nws tag nrho nto uniformly dub los yog txho. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yuav tsis ua si diffraction los generated los ntawm ib tug diffraction grating.

Transmissive thiab paab hologram

Peb tau soj ntsuam lub diffraction grating yog raug xa mus rau raws li ib tug kis tau tus mob, vim hais tias nws ua nyob rau hauv lub teeb kis tau los ntawm nws. Yog hais tias qhov ua rau ntawm lub ntxaij ntoo kab yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub pob tshab phaj, thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub iav, peb nrhiav tau ib tug diffraction grating reflectivity. Nws qhia lub teeb nyob rau ces kaum sib txawv ntawm cov xim txawv. Raws li, muaj ob sab chav kawm ntawm holograms - paab thiab transmissive. Thawj cai nyob rau hauv reflected lub teeb, thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv dhau.