Hom kev bogs thiab cov yam ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, ib qho ntawm ntau hom ntuj tsim teb raug, uas yog ib thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntim nrog ib txheej ntawm peat thiab cov nqaij npuas peculiar rau cov cheeb tsam no, yoog rau cov mob uas tsis muaj oxygen, nrog tsis muaj zog dej ntws thiab ntau dhau lawm.

Ntawm no, muaj ntau hom kev kho mob nrog lawv cov lus qhia me me.

Cov lus qhia dav dav

Muaj 3 lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm marshes:

• Rov qab thiab stagnation ntawm dej.
• Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib yam, yam ntxwv rau marshes, nroj tsuag.
• Tus txheej txheem ntawm peat tsim.

Nraum yog feem ntau hu ua qhov chaw uas cov hauv paus ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem tsis ncav lub pob zeb av.

Kev Kawm Ntawv:

Ua ntej peb paub tias dab tsi yog cov hom ntawm marshes, peb yuav xyuas seb lawv ua li cas.

Ua rau cov cheeb tsam no, tas li cov av qeeg hauv cov av thiab ntawm nws cov av yog tsim nyog, nrog rau cov dej hloov qis (xws li cov dej hauv av). Nyuam qhuav, tsis muaj oxygen los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau, ua rau huab cua nkag mus rau hauv av nyuaj, vim muaj cov khoom tsis zoo (los yog oxidation) ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm cov tuag, thiab peat yog tsim. Lub tom kawg yog ib qho av substrate, uas muaj ib tug zoo dej txiav. Nws muaj tag nrho ntawm decomposed nroj tsuag. Peat txawv nyob txawv degrees ntawm decomposition. Piv txwv li, cov qib decomposition ntawm 70% txhais tau hais tias 70 feem pua ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuag lawm decomposed, thiab 30 tsis yog. Hom substrate no muaj peev txheej kom zoo dua qub, yog li nws muaj cov ntsiab lus dej (piv txwv li 97% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim).

Hom kev bogs thiab cov yam ntxwv

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev mob ntawm kev pub mis, qes-dag (nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev eutrophic), hloov (mesotrophic) thiab sab saud (oligotrophic), feem ntau, muaj ib qhov ntxim siab, sib txuam thiab convex nto duab zoo.

Nyob rau hauv qis tshaj (eutrophic) txhais tau hais tias marshes nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab, nrog av moistened by saum npoo thiab av, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv pob zeb hauv av salts. Nees txau tsuas pub rau hauv sediments los ntawm cov cua, uas tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv pob zeb hauv paus ntsev. Transitional moors yog ib pab pawg neeg nrab.

Raws li cov nroj tsuag prevailing nyob rau hauv lub zos, hav zoov, herbaceous, shrubby thiab moss hom ntawm cov hav dej yog txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub microrelief - thawv, tiaj, convex. Cov swamps feem ntau ntawm cov dej hauv marshes.

Marshes ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation

Cov hom ntawm marshes ntawm Russia yuav suav tau tias yog hauv qab no. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov lus qhia dav dav.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm marshes nyob rau hauv Russia yog kwv yees li 1.4 lab square metres. Km (li 10% ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub tebchaws). Raws li ntxhib kwv yees, kwv yees li ntawm 3000 cubic meters ntim hauv lawv. M xim av ntuj qub av tshwj xeeb.

Hav iav - nws yog ib tug heev complex ntuj system. Nws muaj kev sib txuas ntawm biotopes, uas yog muaj zog ntawm kev muaj zog noo, muaj ib hom ntawm noo noo-hlub nroj tsuag thiab tsub zuj zus ntawm ntau yam organic residues nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua los yog peat. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev hloov ntawm Lavxias teb sab huab cua, nyem, thiab nyob ntawm qhov kev txav hom, ntau hom ntawm marshes tsim, txhua ntawm cov uas tau pom los ntawm peat deposits, dej dej tej yam kev mob thiab nws cov dej khov, cov nroj tsuag yam ntxwv.

Cov nram qab no hom pub ntawm marshes ntawm Russia yog qhov txawv: lowland, Upper thiab transitional.

Rau qhov ntawm kev noj haus

Los ntawm kev piav txog cov kev mob ntawm kev noj haus, peb txhais tau hais tias lub nplaj teb ntawm lub hav iav thiab qhov muaj cov txheej txheej uas muaj cov qoob loo uas cov nroj tsuag tuaj. Rau txhua hom ntawm nplooj ntawv, lawv cov hwj huam yog me ntsis siab dua.

Tshaj dej ntau dhau yog lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej ntws. Nws ua rau muaj tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab nroj tsuag, thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshwj xeeb, uas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nyab xeeb ntawm huab cua feem ntau ua rau tsis tiav ntawm cov nroj tsuag seem thiab tsim ntawm peat.

Geographic faib cov nplooj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation

Lavxias teb sab yog thoob plaws hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov natural zones, tab sis feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub plab, tsis tshua muaj dej khov heev. Lub ib thooj ntawm lawv cov concentrated nyob rau hauv lub central chaw thiab nyob rau hauv lub qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub West Siberian Tiaj.

Qhov dej tshaj plaws nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Russia yog tundra thiab thaj chaw taiga. Hom ntawm marshes ntawm no yog ntau ntau. Cov dej nyob hauv qee qhov ntawm lub tundra yog 50%. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw taiga feeb meej kwv yees li 80% ntawm cov peat bogs. Nyob rau hauv cov European sab Russia feem ntau waterlogged yog lub Vologda, Leningrad Ceebtsam thiab cov koom pheej ntawm Karelia (kwv yees li 40%).

Lub taig ntawm Western Siberia yog swamped txog li 70 feem pua. Ib qho loj heev ntawm marshes thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, feem ntau nyob hauv Amur cheeb tsam.

Kev faib khoom ntawm cov hom phiaj

Hom ntawm wetlands ntawm Russia yog thaj muab faib tsis ncaj. Ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam swampy yog nyob ntawm lub roob, thiab lawv predominate nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab qaum teb. Cov lowlands muaj tsawg tshaj li ib nrab (li 40%) ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho cov marshes. Cov chaw tsis tseem ceeb yog cov nyob hauv qab ntu (10%).

Feem ntau ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv qos yaj ywm pub rau hauv dej los yog av, thiab lawv pom tias feem ntau hauv cheeb tsam arid. Thiab cov no yog hav thiab deltas ntawm cov dej ntws loj. Swamplands feem ntau yog pub los ntawm atmospheric nag lossis daus, thiab ntau zaus lawv pom nyob rau hauv lub taiga thiab tundra ib ncig ntawm Eurasia. Lub ntsiab feem (84%) ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas tau txiav txim yog nyob rau hauv Esxias ib feem ntawm Russia.

Thiab zoo li cas ntawm cov dej hauv feem ntau ntawm cov pasta hauv North? Cov lowland swamps ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Siberia nyob 42%. Feem ntau ntawm cov av uas muaj av qeeg (thaj chaw qis dua 73%) yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw permafrost.

Zaub hau npog

Nyob rau hauv fens yeej los ntawm cov hauv qab no nroj tsuag: dawb birch, Alder, willow, ntoo thuv thiab spruce. Ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab, sedge yog predominant no, thiab reeds thiab reed grasses pom los ntawm grasses. Feem ntau ntawm mosses yog ntsuab mosses.

Birch thiab ntoo thuv yog cov cwj pwm ntawm cov pauv hloov (hauv Siberia - Dahurian thiab Siberian larch, cedar), thiab kuj doow (me ntsis me ntsis feem ntau tshaj nyob hauv lowland bogs). Ntawm cov grasses, tib cov nroj tsuag yog thoob plaws no, thiab raws li nyob rau hauv lowland marshes, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv xws li tseem ceeb qhov ntau. Feem ntau ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau alpine poochos, caws cov nyom, cov kua mis thiab cov plaub hau. Tseem muaj cov nroj tsuag, cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov pob zeb loj.

Nyob rau hauv swamps ntawm lub upland muaj Pine (nyob rau hauv Siberia, cedar yog tov nrog nws) thiab Dahurian larch. Muaj tsis muaj shrubs ntawm tag nrho cov no, tab sis cov pawg heather sawv daws nyob rau hauv cov chaw no: kassandra, heather, ledum, blueberry thiab cranberry. Muaj tsis tas loj hlob birch ntsias thiab Crowberry (crowberry). Faib nyob rau hauv xws li qhov chaw thiab paj rwb nyom yog ib leeg-taws (herbaceous nroj tsuag), ua loj hummock-sod. Nws yog feem ntau ua tau ntsib cloudberries nrog sundew. Mosses yog tuaj ntawm no tsuas yog sphagnum.

Yog li, raws li qhov ntawm peat thiab cov nroj tsuag npog, nws tseem ua tau rau tus kws txiav txim plaub (raws li tau sau tseg saum no) hom dab hav dej yog dab tsi.

Nyob rau hauv xaus ntawm tej teeb meem

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, ntau thiab ntau tsis zoo dab tau sawv los ntawm ntau dhau, kev siv exploitation ntawm marshes. Thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov, no pollution, tshaj dej kom tsawg los ntawm hauv av thiab mass extraction ntawm peat. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no tau raug ntaus los ntawm lub lag luam thiab lub plowing, ua txhaum cai ntawm qhov dej hiav txwv hauv kev tsim kho cov kev, cov pa roj thiab roj thiab lwm cov qauv.

Dehumidification feem ntau ua rau peat hluav taws kub, rau av degradation thiab poob biodiversity hauv lub ntiaj teb lom. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm yuav tsum tau nqa tawm zoo zoo, nrog txoj kev txuag ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov zis. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau soj ntsuam cov cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm ecological tshuav nyob rau hauv qhov.