Ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hom: algorithm

Muaj ntau cov tshuaj dab kuaj nrog qhov kev hloov degrees ntawm oxidation ntawm lub atoms uas tsim lub reactive compound. Sau ntawv sib npaug tshua redox hom yog feem ntau nrog los ntawm teeb meem nyob rau qhov chaw kawm lub coefficients ua ntej txhua mis tshuaj. Rau lub hom phiaj no, txoj kev tau tsim txog rau hluav taws xob los yog hluav taws xob-ionic xwb faib tshuav nyiaj li cas. Cov tsab xov xwm no qhia txog lub thib ob txoj kev mus qhov sib npaug.

ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev, lub essence ntawm

Nws kuj hu ua electron-ion tshuav nyiaj li cas faib coefficient multipliers. Raws li txoj kev ntawm sib tshuam them hais ntawm anions los yog cations nyob rau hauv lub xaus nruab nrab nrog txawv pH nqi.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm oxidative thiab reductive electrolytes hom muab kev koom tes nrog tsis zoo ions los yog zoo xwb. Sib npaug molecular ion hom, raws li ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev yog muab kev koom tes, kom meej meej qhia cov essence ntawm tej txheej txheem.

Yuav kom tsim qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm electrolytes siv ib tug tshwj xeeb cim muaj zog txuas raws li ionic hais thiab xoob sib txuas, thiab cov pa roj deposits nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov undissociated molecules. Muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum qhia circuits hais uas hloov lawv degree ntawm oxidation. Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov xaus nrab nyob rau hauv tshuav nyiaj li cas txhais acidic (H ^+), alkali (OH ^-) thiab nruab nrab (H ₂ O) tej yam kev mob.

Vim li cas siv?

Lub WRA txoj kev yog raws kev coj kom ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug sau ntawv ionic nyias rau oxidation thiab yuav txo tau dab. Qhov kawg tshuav yuav yuav lawv sum.

siv theem

Sau ntawv nws muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev. Lub algorithm muaj raws li nram no cov kauj ruam:

- Thawj kauj ruam yog los sau cov qauv rau tag nrho cov reactants. Piv txwv li:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Ces koj yuav tsum nruab ib lub feature los ntawm ib tug tshuaj pom, txhua feem ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, KMnO ₄ ua raws li oxidizer, H ₂ S yog ib tug txo neeg saib xyuas thiab HCl sij ib tug acidic ib puag ncig.

- Qhov thib peb kauj ruam yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv ib txoj kab tshiab mis ionic tebchaw reacting nrog ib tug muaj zog ntsha tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub atoms ntawm uas muaj ib tug kev hloov ntawm degrees ntawm oxidation. Nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv MnO ₄ ^- ua raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, H ₂ S yog lub txo reagent thiab H ⁺ oxonium ntawv los yog H ₃ O ⁺ sij ib tug acidic ib puag ncig. Lub gaseous, khoom los yog tsis muaj zog electrolytic compound qhia lawm molecular qauv.

Paub qhov pib lub Cheebtsam, sim seb zoo li cas hom ntawm oxidizing thiab txo neeg sawv cev yuav raug txo kom tsawg thiab oxidized daim ntawv no, ntsig txog. Tej zaum kawg yam muaj twb tau teev nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob, uas tswj kev ua hauj lwm. Cov nram qab no sib npaug qhia txoj kev hloov H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) rau S (leej faj), thiab anion MnO ₄ ^- thaum Mn ²⁺ ntawv.

Rau qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub atomic hais nyob rau hauv rau sab laug thiab txoj cai feem nyob rau hauv acidic ib puag ncig yog ntxiv hydrogen ntawv H ⁺ los yog ib tug molecular dej. Lub alkaline tov ntxiv hydroxide ions OH ^- los yog H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → Mn ²⁺

Nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm ib tug oxygen atom ua ke nrog manganatnyh ions H ⁺ daim ntawv dej lwg me me. Yuav kom equalize lub xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab yog sau raws li cov kab zauv: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + Mn ^2+.

Ces, balancing yog nqa hluav taws xob. Ua li no, xav txog tag nrho cov nyiaj xwb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, nws puv xya, thiab ces mus rau sab xis, ob txoj kev tawm. Yuav kom sib npaug rau cov txheej txheem ntxiv rau qhov pib ntaub ntawv tsib tsis zoo hais: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + Mn ^2+. Nws puv tawm ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo.

Tam sim no equalize lub xov tooj ntawm atoms yuav oxidation txheej txheem. Yuav kom qhov no ntxiv mus rau sab xis hydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Tom qab equalizing xwb yog ua: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. Nws yog pom hais tias cov starting tebchaw siv ob tsis zoo hais. Nws puv tawm ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub oxidation txheej txheem.

Sau ob npaug rau hauv ib kem thiab kab cam khwb cia thiab txais nqi. Raws li txoj cai qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub kawg ntau yog xaiv rau txhua ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv koj tus d. Nws yog multiplied by oxidative thiab reductive kab zauv.

Tam sim no nws yog ua tau mus nqa tawm summation ntawm ob los xij, daim ntau quav tso sab laug thiab txoj cai sab ua ke thiab txo tus naj npawb ntawm hluav taws xob hom.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + Mn ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5

Cov uas ua kab zauv yuav txo tus naj npawb ntawm H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5.

Peb xyuas lub correctness ntawm cov ion tshuav nyiaj li cas los ntawm suav tus xov tooj ntawm cov pa atoms rau tus sub thiab tom qab nws, uas yog sib npaug zos rau 8. Nws tseem yog tsim nyog kom paub tseeb qhov kawg nqi, thiab cov thawj zaug ib feem ntawm qhov nqi koj tshuav: (+ 6) + (-2) = +4. Yog hais tias txhua yam ntais ntawv, nws yog sau kom raug.

ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev xaus nrog rau txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub molecular ion cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau cov kab zauv. Rau txhua particle lub anion thiab ntawv feem ntawm sab laug tshuav nyiaj li cas nyob rau hauv lub rov qab them nyiaj xaiv ion. Tom qab ntawd lawv pauv mus rau sab xis, nyob rau hauv tib tus nqi. Tam sim no, lub ions yuav kev cob cog rua rau tag nrho cov qauv.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5 + 2KCl.

Thov txoj kev ntawm ib nrab-tshua, lub algorithm uas yog sau lub molecular kab zauv, nws tau nrog rau cov kev sau ntawv hom hluav taws xob balances.

Kev txiav txim ntawm oxidizing cov neeg ua hauj

Xws li ib tug luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm ionic, atomic los yog molecular chaw uas tau txais tsis zoo them electrons. Oxidising tshuaj yauv restoration nyob rau hauv lub tshua. Lawv muaj hluav taws xob drawback, uas muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim sau. Tej dab xws li redox ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Tsis yog txhua txhua yam muaj lub peev xwm mus muab electrons. Los ntawm muaj zog oxidizing reagents muaj xws li:

• halogen cov neeg sawv cev;
• acid xws li nitric, sulfuric thiab selenium;
• poov tshuaj permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• tetravalent manganese thiab txhuas oxides;
• nyiaj thiab kub ion;
• compound gaseous oxygen;
• divalent tooj liab oxides thiab monovalent nyiaj;
• tshuaj uas muaj ntsev Cheebtsam;
• vodka muaj koob muaj npe;
• hydrogen peroxide.

Kev Txiav Txim ntawm kev txo

Hais tias lub luag hauj lwm yog rau ionic, atomic los yog molecular hais, uas muab ib tug tsis zoo xwb. Nyob rau hauv lub tshua txo tshuaj yauv oxidative cov nyhuv raws li cleavage ntawm electrons.

Muaj txo zog :

• Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau co;
• tetravalent leej faj tebchaw thiab hydrogen sulfide;
• halogen acids;
• hlau, chromium, thiab manganese sulfate;
• stannous chloride;
• nitrogen-muaj tshuaj mas siv xws li acid nitrous, stannous oxide, hydrazine thiab ammonia;
• tej yam ntuj tso pa roj carbon thiab cov divalent oxide;
• hydrogen molecule;
• phosphorous acid.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov electron-ion

Yuav kom sau ib tug redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev yog siv ntau tshaj qhov hluav taws xob hom tshuav nyiaj li cas.

Qhov no yog vim lub zoo electron-ion txoj kev :

1. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm sau ntawv cov kab zauv xav qhov tseeb ions thiab cov tebchaw uas muaj nyob raws li ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj.
2. Koj muaj peev xwm tsis chiv muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev txais cov compound, lawv raug txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub thaum kawg theem.
3. Nws tsis yog ib txwm tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation.
4. Vim txoj kev nws yog tau paub tus xov tooj ntawm electrons muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li kev hloov lub pH nqi ntawm cov tshuaj.
5. Los ntawm cov txo sib npaug ionic hom kawm feature ntawm dab thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ua tebchaw.

Ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv acid tshuaj

Nqa tawm cov lus teb nrog tshaj hydrogen ions raws qhov yooj yim algorithm. Txoj kev ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv acid nruab nrab nrog ib cov ntaubntawv povthawj pib ib feem ntawm tej txheej txheem. Ces lawv qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov ion tsiaj nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog rau cov nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub atomic thiab hluav taws xob xwb. Nyias kaw kev ntawm oxidative thiab reductive cim.

Dlhos lub atomic oxygen rau sab tshua nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm coj nws hydrogen cations. Cov nqi ntawm cov H ⁺ yuav tsum txaus kom muab tau cov molecular dej. Hauj oxygen tsis muaj peev xwm ntaus nqi H ₂ O.

Ces nqa tawm qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm hydrogen atoms thiab electrons.

Ua ib tug summation sib npaug ua ntej thiab tom qab lub xub nrog cov kev kho ntawm lub coefficients.

Ua tib yuav txo tau ntawm ions thiab molecules. By twb kaw reagents nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho tsis tas li ntawd kev nco equation khiav lag luam anionic thiab cationic hom. Lawv tus xov tooj ua ntej thiab tom qab lub xub yuav tsum phim.

Kab zauv OVR (ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev) yog suav tias yog yuav tsum tau ua tiav raws li thaum sau ntawv ib tug tiav lawm kev qhia txog lub molecular hom. Tom ntej no mus txhua tivthaiv yuav tsum muaj ib yam zoo tshaj.

Piv txwv ntawm acidic tej yam kev mob

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sodium nitrite nrog chloric acid ua rau zus tau tej cov sodium nitrate thiab hydrochloric acid. Rau cov kev kho ntawm lub coefficients siv cov qauv ntawm ib nrab-tshua, piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv sib npaug txuam nrog ib tug hais txog ntawm tus acidic ib puag ncig.

NANO ₂ + HClO ₃ → nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- | 1

TSIS MUAJ ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → TSIS ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, ib tug nitrite ntawm sodium nitrate yog tau, thiab los ntawm cov chloric acid tsim ib lub ntsev. Oxidation degree hloov nrog nitrogen 3 mus rau 5, thiab cov tshuaj xwb 5 yuav -1. Ob khoom tsis tsim ib tug precipitate.

Ib nrab-cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ib tug alkaline ib ncig

Ua suav thaum tshaj hydroxide ions sau raws nkaus Ii cov lus teb rau acidic daws teeb meem. Txoj kev ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv alkaline nruab nrab kuj pib qhia Cheebtsam ntawm tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ionic sib npaug. Txawv cai thaum lub sij hawm kawm tuab si lug ntawm atomic oxygen. Yog li, ib cag los ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshaj molecular coj cov dej, thiab mus rau lub opposite sab appends hydroxide anions.

Lub coefficient ntawm lub molecule ntawm H ₂ O qhia qhov txawv nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov pa ua ntej thiab tom qab lub xub, thiab rau ions OH ^- nws ob. Thaum lub sij hawm oxidation neeg sawv cev kuj ua kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas yuav siv sij hawm O atoms los ntawm hydroxyl anions.

Txoj kev ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tas ua tau zoo rau seem cov kauj ruam ntawm lub algorithm, uas coincide nrog cov txheej txheem uas muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm acid. Qhov kawg no yog lub sib npaug ntawm molecular hom.

Piv txwv rau alkaline nruab nrab

Thaum nws iodine nrog sodium hydroxide tsim sodium iodide thiab iodate, dej lwg me me. Rau nqi koj tshuav txoj kev siv ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev. Piv txwv ntawm alkali kev daws teeb meem muaj lawv specifics muaj feem xyuam rau equalization ntawm atomic oxygen.

NaOH + kuv ₂ → Nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Kuv + e ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + kuv - 5e - →} I - + 3H ₂ O + rhuav tshem cov ntaub ₃ ^- | 1

Kuv + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + rhuav tshem cov ntaub ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lub disappearance ntawm lub violet coloration ntawm molecular iodine. Muaj yog ib qho kev pauv oxidation lub xeev ntawm lub caij ntawm 0 mus rau 1 thiab 5 mus tsim iodide thiab sodium iodate.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab puag ncig

Feem ntau nws yog hais txog dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis tsim tsis muaj zog acid ntsev (nrog pH nqi ntawm 6 thiab 7) los sis me ntsis yooj yim (rau pH 7 mus rau 8) tov.

ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txoj kev nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab nruab nrab yog kaw nyob rau hauv ob peb lub versions.

Nyob rau hauv thawj txoj kev tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsev hydrolysis. Cov nruab nrab yog muab raws li lub nruab nrab thiab mus rau sab laug ntawm lub xub attribute molecular dej. Nyob rau hauv no embodiment, ib tug ib nrab-tshua tau rau acid, thiab lwm - rau alkaline.

Qhov thib ob hom no yog tsim rau dab nyob rau hauv uas nws tseem tau los tsim kom muaj lub approximate pH nqi. Ces cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov qauv ntawm cov ion-electron ntshai nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline los yog acidic tshuaj.

QAUV nruab nrab nruab nrab

Thaum hydrogen sulfide compound nrog sodium dichromate nyob rau hauv dej yog tau precipitate leej faj, sodium thiab trivalent chromium hydroxide. Qhov no yog ib tug raug teb rau ib tug nruab nrab tov.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Cr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + 3S + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Hydrogen cations thiab hydroxide anions thaum, tsim ib tug 6 molecules ntawm cov dej. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm nyob rau hauv txoj cai thiab sab laug, tawm hauv lub dhau heev lawm mus rau lub xub.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → 3S + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Qhov kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib tug precipitate ntawm chromium hydroxide xim xiav thiab daj leej faj nyob rau hauv lub alkaline daws nrog sodium hydroxide. Lub oxidative hwj chim ntawm lub caij S yuav -2 0, thiab them nrog chromium + 6 hloov dua siab tshiab rau 3.