Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj txheej txheem? Tshuaj txheej txheem: cov essence thiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Kev sib nrig sib hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tebchaw cai nyob rau hauv lub ntuj, thiab tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tib neeg ua si yuav tau pom raws li tshuaj dab. Lub reactants yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lawv li ob los yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib los yog nyob rau hauv sib txawv xeev ntawm aggregation. Nyob rau hauv no txim hluav taws xob yog los ntawm homogeneous los yog ua kev systems. ntawm lub tej yam kev mob thiab tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj dab nyob rau hauv cov xwm yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no.

Yuav ua li cas yog meant by tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Yog hais tias lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tus sis ntawm cov pib ntaub ntawv yog raug hloov qhov chaw ntawm lub lwg me me thiab atomic nqi nuclei yog tib yam, hais txog tshuaj los yog dab. Cov khoom tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov hoob kawm, tus txiv neej siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tsev neeg. Ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no tshwm sim, raws li nyob rau hauv nyob thiab tsis muaj sia nyob rau hauv lub ntuj. Tshuaj dab yog yooj yim sib txawv los ntawm lub cev tshwm sim thiab thaj chaw ntawm radioactivity. Nyob rau hauv cov tshiab tshuaj tsim molecule, whereas lub cev dab tsis hloov tus yeees ntawm cov tebchaw, thiab nuclear tshua tshwm sim atoms tshiab tshuaj ntsiab.

Tej yam kev mob ntawm tus txheej txheem Science News for KIDS

Lawv tej zaum yuav txawv thiab nyob ntawm seb feem nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm tus reagents tsim nyog zog tswv yim los ntawm sab nraum, raws li zoo raws li lub xeev ntawm aggregation (khib nyiab, kev daws teeb meem, gases) nyob rau hauv uas tus txheej txheem no tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj mechanism ntawm lub sis ntawm ib tug ob los yog ntau tshaj tebchaw tej zaum yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm catalysts (e.g., nitric acid), kub (ntau lawm ntawm ammonia), lub teeb zog (photosynthesis). Nrog kev pab los ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dab fermentation ntau (cawv, lactic acid, butyric acid) siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov thiab microbiological industries. Rau cov khoom uas nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis kev lag luam, ib yam ntawm cov loj tej yam kev mob yog muaj ntawm ib tug dawb-radical mechanism ntawm cov tshuaj txheej txheem. Ib qho piv txwv yuav qhov kev npaj ntawm chlorinated methane (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride ua nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog tau cov saw tshua.

homogeneous catalysis

Lawv yog tshwj xeeb hom ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj tshuaj. Lub essence ntawm cov tshuaj dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv homogeneous theem (e.g., roj - gas) uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv accelerators, yog mus coj kev tshua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntim mixtures. Yog hais tias lub hauv paus yog nyob rau hauv tib ua ib pawg xeev, thiab hais tias lub reactants, nws cov ntaub ntawv ceg nrog lub rooj noj intermediate starting tebchaw.

Homogeneous catalysis - ib tug yooj yim tshuaj txheej txheem yog ua, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov roj av refining, zus tau tej cov roj av, naphtha, roj roj, thiab lwm yam roj a. Nws yog siv technologies xws li reforming, isomerization, catalytic cracking.

heterogeneous catalysis

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ua kev catalysis, hu ntawm lub reactants tshwm sim feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom nto ntawm lub catalyst. Nws tsim lub thiaj li hu ua active qhov chaw. Nws cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas tus sis ntawm reactants yog heev ceev ceev, i.e. cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog siab. Lawv yog cov hom kev, thiab ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm tseem nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias cov tshuaj dab noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nyob hlwb. Ces tham txog cov metabolism hauv - metabolic tshua. Piv txwv ntawm heterogeneous catalysis yog lub muaj kev npaj ntawm cov acid sulfate. Lub contactor gaseous sib tov ntawm cov leej faj dioxide thiab oxygen yog rhuab thiab dhau los ntawm ib tug latticed rhawv uas muaj particulate hmoov ntawm vanadium oxide, vanadyl sulfate los yog VOSO _4. Cov uas ua khoom - leej faj trioxide yog ces absorbed los ntawm concentrated sulfuric acid. Tsim kua, hu ua oleum. Nws yuav diluted nrog dej mus muab tau cov kev kawm concentration ntawm acid sulphate.

Nta thermochemical tshua

Rho tawm los yog haum ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub yog ib yam uas cov tswv yim tseem ceeb. Suffice nws nco qab cov roj combustion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: natural gas, thee, peat. Lawv sawv cev rau lub cev thiab tshuaj dab, qhov tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv yog lub tshav kub ntawm combustion. Thermal tshua yog ntau nyob rau hauv cov organic ntiaj teb no, thiab nyob rau hauv tswg xwm. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm kev zom cleavage ntawm cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv tus ntawm biologically active tshuaj - enzymes.

Lub tso zog yog muab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub zog-nplua nuj bonds ntawm ATP molecules. dissimilation tshua nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, ib feem ntawm uas yog dissipated li thaum tshav kub kub. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev zom, txhua gram ntawm cov protein muab 17 kJ 2 cov hmoov txhuv nplej - 17, 2 kJ rog - 38,9 kJ. Tshuaj dab uas tshwm sim nrog rau kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog yog hu ua exothermic, thiab nrog nws cov haum - endothermic. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, organic synthesis thiab lwm yam technologies muab xam thermal los thermochemical tshua. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, kom raug xam tus nqi ntawm lub zog siv rau cua sov rau cov synthesis reactors thiab txhua, nyob rau hauv uas tshua muab qhov chaw nrog tus haum ntawm tshav kub.

Kinetics thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tshuaj dab

Lub xam kev ceev ntawm lub reacting hais (molecules, ions) - lub loj teeb meem txojkev cov kev lag luam. Nws cov kua muab economic cov kev pab cuam thiab profitability ntawm hauj mus nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Yuav kom nce cov kev ceev ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li ammonia synthesis decisive yam yog lub siab variation nyob rau hauv cov roj sib tov ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen mus rau 30 MPa, thiab tiv thaiv kom ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv kub (zoo kub yog 450- 550 ° C).

Tshuaj dab siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua sulphated acids, namely pyrite burning, oxidation ntawm cov leej faj dioxide, sulfur trioxide, oleum haum yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob. Ua li no, siv lub cub tawg pyrite thiab contactors. Lawv coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsees ntawm reactants, kub thiab siab. Tag nrho tej yam yog qhia rau hnov mob nrog tus loj tshaj ceev, uas tsub kom lub acid sulphate rau paib 96-98%.

Ncig ntawm tshuaj, ob lub cev thiab tshuaj dab nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Paub adage "Movement - yog lub neej" yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv tshuaj ntsiab nkag mus rau hauv lub ntau hom kev sis raug zoo (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv compound, hloov, decomposition, sib pauv). Molecules thiab atoms ntawm tshuaj ntsiab mus txog rau hauv ib tug tas mus tsab ntawv tsa suab. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tag nrho cov saum toj no hom ntawm tshuaj tshua yuav tsum tau nrog ntawm lub cev phenomena: Thaum tshav kub kub tso tawm los yog haum ntawm photons ntawm lub teeb rays, hloov hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Cov dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb: lithosphere, hydrosphere, thiab cua, tus biosphere. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm cov no yog cov mus ntawm yam tshuaj xws li cov pa, cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv cov nram no peb xav txog lub npe raws li nitrogen kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cua, cov av, thiab muaj sia nyob.

Interconversion Nitrogen thiab nws cov tebchaw

Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias nitrogen yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein, thiab yog li koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tej yam thiab tag nrho txhua hom ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Nitrogen yog absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions: ammonium, nitrate thiab nitrite ion. Nroj tsuag uas ua los ntawm photosynthesis daim ntawv tsis tsuas zib tab sis kuj amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids. Tag nrho cov saum toj no tshuaj tebchaw yog cov khoom ntawm tshuaj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Calvin voj voog. Cov koj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij K. Timiryazev, hais txog cov cosmic luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntsuab, kev coj tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub siab, nyob rau hauv particular, thiab lawv muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke proteins.

Herbivores yog peptides los ntawm kev cog cov khoom noj, thiab Carnivores - nqaij ntawm tus neeg uas raug. Thaum lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov av cov kab mob saprotrophic lwj seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu muaj txoj lom thiab tshuaj dab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv nitrogen los ntawm cov organic tebchaw hais kom inorganic daim ntawv (ammonia tsim, free nitrogen, nitrates thiab nitrites). Rov qab mus rau cov cua thiab cov av, tag nrho cov tshuaj absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag dua. Nitrogen nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm cov stomata ntawm nplooj, thiab cov kev daws ntawm nitric acid thiab cov pa roj nitrous acid thiab ntsev ntawd yog absorbed los ntawm lub hauv paus plaub mos mos ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm. nitrogen hloov dua siab tshiab voj voog yog kaw kom rov hais dua dua. Lub essence ntawm cov tshuaj dab noj qhov chaw nrog nitrogen tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij DN Pryanishnikov.

hmoov metallurgy

Niaj hnub nimno tshuaj dab thiab yees ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub creation cov ntaub ntawv nrog nws lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau pab kiag li lawm thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov roj refineries, qhauj ua inorganic acids, dyes, xim, yas. Nyob rau hauv lawv siv thaum tshav kub kub exchangers siv, hu rau apparatus, synthesis kem, pipelines. cov khoom nto yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog txhoj puab heev xov xwm nyob rau hauv kub siab. Ntxiv mus, yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj muaj dab ntau lawm yog ua nyob rau hauv siab kub. Tshuaj pleev yog muab ntaub ntawv uas muaj thermal thiab acid kuj, anti-xeb zog.

Hmoov metallurgy muaj xws li dab rau zus tau tej cov hlau hmoov, thiab sintering cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov niaj hnub alloys siv nyob rau hauv tshua nrog sib txhoj puab heev tshuaj.

Composites thiab Lawv RESPONSIBILITIES

Cov niaj hnub technologies, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuaj dab yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau lawm ntawm puas cov ntaub ntawv. Cov no muaj xws ua npuas ncauj, cermets norpapalsty. Raws li cov matrix siv rau zus tau tej cov hlau thiab alloys, ceramics, yas. Raws li cam siv calcium silicate, cov av nplaum dawb, Ferriday strontium thiab barium. Tag nrho cov saum toj no tshuaj muab puas ntaub ntawv feem kuj, Thaum tshav kub kub thiab hnav kuj.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib yam tshuaj technology

Kev lag luam, science soj ntsuam txog cov kev kawm txog cov txhais tau tias thiab txoj kev siv nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv ua: roj, nkev, thee, minerals, hu ua tshuaj technology. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov kev kawm ntawm cov tshuaj dab tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tib neeg ua si. Tag nrho nws cov theoretical puag li kev kawm txog zauv, cybernetics, lub cev Science News for KIDS, muaj kev lag luam. Tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi lub tshuaj txheej txheem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tshuab (tau txais nitrate acid decomposition ntawm limestone, lub synthesis ntawm phenol-formaldehyde yas) - nyob rau hauv tam sim no tej yam kev mob nws yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau cia li tswj tshuab los pab txhawb tib neeg kev ua si, tsis suav cov kuab paug thiab ua kom ib tug tas mus li thiab uas tsis yog-pov tseg technology ntawm cov tshuaj ntau lawm.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb soj ntsuam cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj dab, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov xwm (photosynthesis, dissimilation, lub nitrogen voj voog) thiab nyob rau hauv lub lag luam.