Isaac Babel: biography thiab tej hauj lwm

Babel Isaak Emmanuilovich, uas nws biography yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm - txawj sau ntawv, neeg txhais lus, playwright, essayist. Nws lub npe tiag tiag - Bobel, raws li nws yog lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub pseudonyms ntawm Bab-el thiab K. Lyutov. Tus txiv neej raug tua los ntawm cov Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv 1940. Nyob rau hauv 1954 nws tau posthumously rehabilitated Isaac Babel.

Nws biography pib rau hli ntuj 30 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 12), xyoo 1894. Nws yog ces hais tias Isaac Emmanuilovich yug nyob rau hauv Odessa. Nws txiv yog Emmanuel Isaakovich Bobel.

Childhood, lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb

Thaum lub sij hawm thaum ntxov thaum yau, yav tom ntej txawj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Odessa, nyob ze Odessa. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 9 xyoo, nws nkag mus hauv lub zos coj mus muag College. Suav Witte. Ib xyoo tom qab, nws pauv mus rau lub Odessa coj mus muag tsev kawm ntawv npe hu Nicholas I. Babel kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1911. By lub sij hawm no nws nkauj laus ncas kev tshawb fawb. Babel muab qhia PS Stolarski, ib tug naas ej tshuab raj. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv yog fond ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Fabkis sau phau ntawv. Thaum lub insistence ntawm nws kev cai dab qhuas txiv thaum Babel yog tiag koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub Hebrew lus. Nws nyeem cov Hebrew vaj lug kub. Isaac Emmanuilovich tau txais lub npe ntawm mus saib xyuas pej xeem tom qab kawm tiav ntawm kev kawm thaum lub Odessa coj mus muag School. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws thov mus kawm rau hauv economic department ntawm lub Kiev coj mus muag koom haum. Babel twb mus nyob hauv lub koom haum, thiab rau ob peb xyoo nyob rau hauv Kiev. Education, nws kawm tiav nrog rau honors nyob rau hauv 1916, uas tau txais lub npe ntawm tus neeg sib tw.

Tus thawj luam ua hauj lwm, lub neej nyob rau hauv Saratov

Nyob rau hauv Kiev phau ntawv journal "Teeb" Babel tus thawj ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm - zaj dab neeg "Laus Shloyme". Tom qab lub phaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab-German tsov ua rog, Isaac Emmanuilovich twb cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub militia, tab sis ho tsis koom nyob rau hauv hostilities.

Nyob rau hauv 1915, Babel twb cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub plaub xyoo ntawm tus Petrograd psycho-neurological lub koom haum (Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txoj cai lij choj). Txawm li cas los, nws tsis tiav los ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj. Nyob rau hauv 1915, Babel yog ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Saratov. Ntawm no nws tsim ib zaj dab neeg hu ua "Childhood. Pog", tom qab uas nws rov qab mus rau Petrograd.

Tus thawj lub rooj sib tham nrog Gorky

Lub rooj sib tham nrog Maxim Gorky coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 1916 nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Chronicle". "Niam, Rimma thiab Alla" thiab "Elia Isaakovich thiab Margarita Prokofyevna" - Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1916, ob zaj dab neeg ntawm Babel raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv no phau ntawv journal. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nyob rau hauv lub "Phau ntawv Journal ntawm lub cov phau ntawv Magazine" Petrograd tsab nyob ib series ntawm tsab ntawv, koom nyob rau hauv lub npe "Kuv los xij."

Raws li tsim nyob rau hauv 1928 "Piav" Isaac Emmanuilovich, sib tham txog tus thawj lub rooj sib tham nrog Gorky muab sau tias tshuav txhua yam rau nws thiab tseem hais lus lub npe ntawm tus neeg sau nrog kev ris txiaj thiab kev hlub.

Lub neej Babel "nyob rau hauv cov neeg"

IE Babel, uas nws biography yog cim los ntawm kev phooj ywg nrog Gorky, sau hais tias nws tau qhia nws ib tug heev tseem ceeb no, thiab ces, thaum nws muab tawm hais tias ob peb ntawm nws hluas zog tuaj yaam puab paub yog ntshiab hmoov uas nws sau phem heev, Maxim Gorky xa nws "rau cov neeg." Babel hais nyob rau hauv lub "Piav", hais tias nws "mus rau cov neeg" rau 7 xyoo (1917-24 gg.). Thaum lub sij hawm no nws yog ib tug tub rog, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Romanian pem hauv ntej. Babel tau kuj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws department ntawm lub KGB tshuab txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv 1918, nws phau ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "lub neej tshiab". Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm Isaac Babel coj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov expeditions, cov los ntawm neeg lub Commissariat.

Nruab nrab ntawm lub kawg ntawm 1919 mus rau thaum ntxov 1920, nws nyob rau hauv Odessa Isaac Babel. Luv luv biography ntawm tus kws ntxiv tshiab tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm. Tus kws sau ntawv tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub State Publishing House of Ukraine, qhov twg nws taws lub publishing department. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1920 nyob rau hauv lub npe Lyutova Kirill Vasilyevich Yugrosta correspondent, Isaac Emmanuilovich mus rau tus thawj li hlau railings Army. Ntawm no nws nyob rau ob peb lub hlis. Tus kws sau ntawv cia ib tug chaw muag mis nyuj, thiab luam tawm nws tsab ntawv thiab khoom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Liab cavalry." Tom qab kev txom nyem ib tug kub taub hau, qhov kawg ntawm 1920, Emmanuilovich Isaac rov qab mus rau Odessa.

Tshiab Cov ntsiab lus, lub neej nyob rau hauv Moscow

Nyob rau hauv 1922-1923 gg. Babel pib los mus luam tawm lawv cov dab neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Odessa ( "neeg tsav nkoj", "Xov xwm" thiab "Silhouettes"), raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Lava". Cov no cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg nram qab no cov dab neeg "King", muaj nyob rau hauv lub voj voog "Odessa dab neeg" thiab "Grishuk" (voj voog "Liab hlau railings"). Zoo rau tag nrho cov 1922 nyob rau hauv Batumi Babel. Nws biography yog cim kuj mus saib lwm yam Georgian lub zos.

Nyob rau hauv 1923, tus kws ntawv tau tsim muaj kev mus nrog tus Moscow sau ntawv. Nws pib yuav tsum luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub "Liab nkauj xwb av," nyob rau hauv "lef", nyob rau hauv lub "tsom teeb", raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv "Pravda" ( "Odessa dab neeg" thiab novels los ntawm lub "Liab hlau railings"). Thaum tseem nyob rau hauv Odessa, Isaac Emmanuilovich tau ntsib Vladimir Mayakovsky. Ces, tom qab Babel thaum kawg tsiv mus rau Moscow, nws ua phooj ywg nrog rau ntau cov neeg sau ntawv tseem nyob ntawm no - nrog Voronsky A., S. Yesenin, D. Furmanov. Nco ntsoov hais tias cov thawj lub sij hawm Isaac Emmanuilovich nyob rau hauv Sergiev Posad (ze Moscow).

Chaw, muaj tswv yim, lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 1920

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, nws tau los ua ib qho ntawm feem nrov sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1925 ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tsab twb luam tawm peb collections ntawm nws zaj dabneeg luv luv. Cov thawj txheej ntawm Babel tsim dab neeg ntawm "Liab hlau railings" twb tso tawm cov nram qab no xyoo. Tom qab ntawd nws Iwj. Isaac Babel los sau 50 novels, tab sis nws twb luam tawm 37, qhov kawg ntawm lawv yog hu ua "Argamak".

Nyob rau hauv 1925, Isaac Emmanuilovich pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm tsab ntawv, "Benya Krik", thiab kawm tiav los ntawm cov kev ua si "Lub Sunset". Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 1920 los, Isaac Babel sau (yam tsawg kawg luam tawm) yuav luag tag nrho nws zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm. Ib tug ntxiv 15 xyoo ntawm lub neej Babel ntxiv tsuas heev me ntsis rau qhov no tseem ceeb ntawm nws txojsia. Nyob rau hauv 1932-33 Isaac Emmanuilovich ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev ua si "Mary." Nws tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshiab "konarmeyskih" novels thiab dab neeg luv luv, feem ntau ntawv ( "GI De Mopassan", "rooj txhawb siab", thiab lwm yam). Thaum lub sij hawm no, cov txawj sau ntawv kuj ua kom tiav cov screenplay "Giro Hnub Qub" nyob rau prose Sholom Aleichem.

"Liab hlau railings"

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog sensational. Los ntawm Babel luv luv zaj dab neeg "Liab hlau railings" yog unusually txawm rau lub sij hawm uas directness thiab sharpness ntawm cov dluab ntawm atrocities thiab ntshav txheej xwm ntawm lub Civil War. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tej hauj lwm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsawg elegance ntawm kev hais lus, ua neeg dawb huv style. Babel, uas nws biography ntawd hais tias nws yog me ntsis txog cov lub Civil War ntiaj, nrog rau kev sharpness qhia nws ntshav txheej xwm. Nyob rau hauv no peb kev cai khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tau muab kev koom tes, qhov no yog tsis zoo li mus tshuam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm. Peb yuav tau tham txog cov neeg Yudais, lub Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia thiab cov neeg. Cov nyhuv ntawm no kev sib tsoo tsim ib tug ncaj ncees thiab artistic ntiaj teb no ntawm Babel tus prose, tag nrho ntawm kev cia siab thiab kev txom nyem, insights thiab tragic yuam kev. "Liab hlau railings" tam sim ntawd tshwm sim los ib tug ntse heev sib cav tswv yim nyob rau hauv uas txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view clashed. Nyob rau hauv kev, commander Thawj Nees SM Budyonny coj no ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug defamation ntawm lub Reds. Tab sis Voronsky A. thiab M. Gorky ntseeg hais tias cov qhov tob ntawm cov duab ntawm tib neeg destinies nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm lub Civil War, txawm li cas los, tsis dag - hais tias lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub txawj sau ntawv.

"Odessa dab neeg"

Babel nyob rau hauv nws "Odessa dab neeg" xwm romanticized Odessa Moldavanka. Nws lub plawv pib Benya Krik, "noble" bandit. Cov phau ntawv yog heev muaj yeeb yuj, lyrically thiab pathetically sawv cev ironist-lub neej ntawm Odessa traders thiab raiders, visionaries thiab sages. Nws yog xwm raws li yog hais tias tus dua ntu. "Odessa dab neeg" (ua si "Sunset" yog qhov kev xaiv kawm ntawm lub thib ob phau ntawv) yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov txheej xwm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv rau hauv nruab nrab 20-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Lawv muaj ib tug yawm cawv rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ob peb sau ntawv, ntawm lawv - I. Ilf thiab Petrov.

Taug kev mus ua lub USSR thiab txawv teb chaws mus ncig ua si

Nyob rau hauv 1925, Isaac Emmanuilovich ntau mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub USSR (sab qab teb ntawm Russia, Voronezh xeev, Kiev, Leningrad). Nws sau ntaub ntawv hais txog tsis ntev los no cov txheej xwm ntawm lub Civil War, yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub zos council nyob rau hauv lub zos Molodenovo nyob rau lub Moscow River. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1927 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm mus txawv teb chaws Babel. Nws biography yog cim thawj mus txawv tebchaws los Paris, thiab ces - nyob rau hauv Berlin. Mus ua si txawv teb chaws txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm ua yuav luag txhua xyoo kom txog rau thaum 1936. Nyob rau hauv 1935, Isaac Emmanuilovich xa ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv tiv thaiv ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau Paris Congress of Writers.

Lub rooj sib tham nrog Gorky

Muaj ntau lub sij hawm, Babel tau ntsib Maxim Gorky, uas zoo raws li nws ua hauj lwm thiab kev txhawb nws. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus tub ntawm Gorky, Maxim Peshkov, Aleksey Maksimovich caw Isaac Emmanuilovich rau nws slides. Ntawm no nws nyob ntawm Tej zaum mus rau Lub rau hli ntuj 1934. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj, Babel muab ib tug hais lus thaum lub sij hawm kuv Tag nrho cov-Union Congress ntawm Soviet Writers.

Babel: biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 1930s.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo 1930 lub chaw ua hauj lwm Isaaka Emmanuilovicha txuam mas nrog kev sau ntawv creativity kev kho mob ntawm lwm sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev, Babel tau ua hauj lwm rau ib tug screenplay by nram qab no: raws li cov khoom "Yuav ua li cas lub Steel tau tempered" Ostrovsky, raws li nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Duma pro Opanas" tiv tshav ntuj kub Bagritsky, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub screenplay ntawm Maxim Gorky. Nws kuj tsim tej hauj lwm ntawm Turgenev adaptation rau xinesmas. Peb tham txog ib tug yeeb yam tsab ntawv hu ua "Bezhin Tiaj" rau SM Eisenstein. Qhov no zaj duab xis, kuv yuav tsum hais, raug txwv thiab puas raws li "ideologically flawed". Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis lov ib tug txawj sau ntawv Isaac Babel. Biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm nws cov pov thawj hais tias nws twb tsis chasing koob meej.

Nyob rau hauv 1937, Isaac Emmanuilovich qhia nyob rau hauv xovxwm txog rau thaum xaus ntawm cov kev ua si ntawm G. Kotovsky, thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd - nyob rau tsab ntawv rau "Laus Square". Thaum cov txawj sau ntawv lub neej, txawm li cas los, twb tsis tau luam tawm, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1936 tuaj lub xeem sau los ntawm nws cov dab neeg. Xeem kev kawm ntawv ntawm Babel nyob rau hauv luam - nws yog xyoo tshiab xav li cas, uas raug luam tawm Hlis ntuj nqeg 31, 1938 nyob rau hauv lub "Literary ntawv xov xwm".

Arrests, executions thiab kev ncaj ncees

Biography Babel hnub tseem hais tias May 15, 1939 nyob rau Moscow Isaac Emmanuilovich chav tsev thiab nyob rau ntawm nws dacha nyob rau hauv Peredelkino (nyob qhov twg nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm), twb nrhiav. Thaum lub sij hawm nrhiav lawv ntes 24 nplaub tshev nrog nws thawj. Tom qab, lawv twb tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov archives ntawm lub FGC. Lub rau hli ntuj 29-30, tom qab ib tug series ntawm tas mus li interrogation, Babel muab pov thawj. Tom qab, nyob rau hauv ob peb nqe lus nws tsis kam lawv. Nyob rau hauv ib tug hais lus muab nyob rau ntawm mus sib hais, Isaac Emmanuilovich nug rau ib lub caij nyoog mus ua kom tiav lawv cov tseeb ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, nws twb tsis tau ua li ntawd. Isaac Emmanuilovich raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag. Lub ib hlis ntuj 27, 1940 twb tua Babel. Luv luv biography ntawm nws xaus li hais tias tus kws lub cev nyob rau tib hnub twb cremated nyob rau hauv lub Donskoy Monastery.

14 xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1954, Isaac Emmanuilovich twb siab rehabilitated, vim hais tias nws ua tsis tau nrhiav tau corpus delicti. Tom qab hais tias, lub controversy lwm tus nws destiny thiab ua hauj lwm resumed. Lawv tsis tu tsis tseg rau hnub no. Babel, biography thiab creativity uas peb tau sib tham txog - qhov txawj sau ntawv, nrog tej hauj lwm uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog mus ntsib.