Koj composers ntawm cov Renaissance

Zaj liv xwm Jules Michelet nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua, nws yog thawj lub sij hawm tau siv lub sij hawm "Renaissance". Musicians thiab composers, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm mus rau lub sij hawm uas pib nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua, thaum los hloov lub medieval tsev teev ntuj domination tuaj lub secular kab lis kev cai, nrog rau nws kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg tus.

Music ntawm lub Renaissance

European lub teb chaws txawv sij hawm, tau nkag mus rau ib tug tshiab era. Ib me ntsis ua ntej lawm cov tswv yim ntawm tib neeg sawv nyob rau hauv ltalis, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai yeej los ntawm lub Dutch tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas thawj tshwj xeeb parametrized (Cross) tau tsim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, qhia yav tom ntej composers. Lub ntsiab yam ntawm lub sij hawm qhia nyob rau hauv lub rooj hauv qab no:

Qhov tseem nto moo composers ntawm cov Renaissance nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands - yog Giyom Dyufai, Yakhauj Obrecht, Josquin des Prez.

zoo Dutch

Johannes Ockeghem twb kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub Notre Dame parametrized (Antwerp) thiab nyob rau hauv 40-ies ntawm lub XV xyoo pua tsev teev ntuj los ua ib tug chorister ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke Charles kuv (Fabkis). Afterwards, nws coj lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub. Thaum nyob rau ib lub ripe laus muaj hnub nyoog, nws tau tshuav ib tug zoo legacy nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm yam, muaj pov thawj nws tus kheej ib tug zoo heev polyphonists. Hu rau peb tus ntawv sau ntawm nws 13 masses hu ua Chigi codex, ib tug uas yog pleev xim rau 8 votes. Nws siv tsis tsuas mus rau lwm tus neeg, tab sis kuj lawv tus kheej tunes.

Orlando lasso yug nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog tam sim no Belgium (Mons) nyob rau hauv 1532-m. Nws suab paj nruas muaj peev xwm yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau. Tus tub twb abducted los ntawm lub tsev peb lub sij hawm mus ua ib tug yawm tshuab raj. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws siv nyob rau hauv Bavaria, qhov twg Albrecht V ntawm Duke loog ua raws li ib tug tenor, thiab coj lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws mas cov kev pab pab txia Munich nyob rau hauv lub European music chaw, xyuas los ntawm ntau nto moo composers ntawm cov Renaissance.

Rau nws peb tuaj mus kawm ntawv xws tej txuj ci raws li Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Italian D. Gabrieli. Nws kawg so qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub 1594 meters nws tau pom nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Munich, tawm hauv ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog legacy: ntau tshaj 750 motets, 60 masses thiab pua pua ntawm zaj nkauj, cov uas nrov tshaj plaws yog Susanne un jour. Innovation distinguishes nws motets ( "Cov lus qhia ntawm lub Sibyls"), tab sis nws yog lub npe hu ua tsaug rau secular music, uas yog ib tug ntau ntawm kev lom zem (vilanella O bella fusa).

Italian lub tsev kawm ntawv

Koj composers ntawm cov Renaissance nyob rau hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub txwm chaw ntawm nquag tsim instrumental music (hloov khoom nruab nrog, txoj hlua & hneev seev, piano). Cov feem ntau ntsuas lub lute, thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XV xyoo pua muaj ib tug harpsichord - tus thawj ntawm lub piano. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov pej xeem music hloov zuj zuj ob feem ntau influential tsev kawm ntawv ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg: Roman (Giovanni Palestrina) thiab Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina coj lub npe ntawm lub npe ntawm lub nroog nyob ze lub nroog Loos, uas nws tau yug thiab tau txais kev pab raws li lub ntsiab lub tsev teev ntuj organist thiab choirmaster. hnub yug nws yog heev approximate, tab sis nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1594-m. Rau ib ntev lub neej sau txog 100 200 Masses thiab motets. Nws "cov huab hwm coj ntawm Pope Marcellus" evoked lub admiration ntawm Pope Pius IV, thiab los ua ib tug qauv ntawm cov Catholic cov nkauj dawb ceev. Giovanni - lub feem ntau tseem ceeb sawv cev ntawm suab hu nkauj tsis muaj suab paj nruas accompaniment.

Andrea Gabrieli, ua ke nrog nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv thiab tub ntawm Giovanni ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Mark tus (XVI century), "Coloring" hu nkauj ua ke hu nkauj suab hloov thiab lwm yam kev seev. Venetian School gravitated mus secular music, thiab zus tau tej cov "Oedipus" los ntawm Sophocles nyob rau theem, Andrea Gabrieli Pawg Hu Nkauj music sau tus qauv lub suab qw polyphony thiab cov harbinger ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm opera.

Nta ntawm lub German tsev kawm ntawv

German av muab rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Ludwig Senfl, zoo polyphonist lub XVI xyoo pua, tsis tau mus txog, Txawm li cas los, rau theem ntawm cov Dutch masters. Zaj nkauj ntawm kws sau paj lug-singer los ntawm cov artisans (Tuag Meistersinger) - kuj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb suab paj nruag ntawm lub Renaissance. German composers hu nkauj Corporation: tinkers, shoemakers, weavers. Lawv koom siab los ntawm cov chaw uas zoo heev. Ib tug zoo heev tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Nuremberg tsev kawm ntawv pib hu nkauj Gans Saks (xyoo ntawm lub neej: 1494-1576).

Yug nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm tailors, tag nrho cov nws lub neej nws ua hauj lwm shoemaker, ciav erudition thiab suab paj nruas thiab txawj nyiam. Nws nyeem phau Vajlugkub nyob rau hauv tus txhais lus los ntawm tus poj reformer Luther, paub lub ancient paj huam thiab menyuam los ntawm Boccaccio. Raws li ib tug pej xeem tshuab raj, Sachs tsis tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv polyphony, tab sis tsim lub suab paj nruag ntawm song warehouse. Lawv nyob ze rau ntawm cov seev cev, nws yog ib qho yooj yim uas yuav tau nco thiab muaj ib yam atherosclerosis. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm yog "Nyiaj qhib".

Renaissance: Fabkis musicians thiab composers

Fabkis suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai tiag tiag muaj ib tug Renaissance xwb nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, thaum kev av twb npaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev yog Kleman Zhaneken. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv Chatellerault (kawg ntawm lub XV century) thiab mus los hu nkauj-tub rau tus kheej composer ntawm tus huab tais. Ntawm nws cov artistic cuab yeej cuab tam fwm tsuas secular nkauj luam tawm Attenyanom. Lawv 260, tab sis tiag tiag koob meej khwv tau los ntawm cov neeg uas tau tuag lawm cov kev xeem ntawm lub sij hawm: "birdsong", "Tua tsiaj", "Skylark", "rog", "Quaj ntawm Paris". Lawv pheej reprinted thiab siv los ntawm lwm tus neeg rau ua.

Nws zaj nkauj tau vociferous thiab zoo li lub suab qw scenes, qhov twg nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus onomatopoeia thiab cantilena ntawm lub suab hu nrov nrov tam sim no lub luag hauj lwm rau lub zog ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws yog ib tug bold los mus nrhiav txoj kev tshiab ntawm imagery.

Ntawm cov nto moo composers nyob rau hauv Fabkis - Guillaume Boilers, Zhak Modyui, Baifa Jean Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, muab cov suab paj nruag ib tug harmonious warehouse, uas pab rau lub assimilation ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm cov pej xeem.

Composers ntawm lub Renaissance hais

XV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ces coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm John Dabsteyla thiab XVI - Uilyama Borda. Ob masters tended sab ntsuj plig music. Noog pib organist ntawm Lincoln Cathedral, thiab twb nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub noob nom noob tswv Chapel nyob rau hauv London. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws muaj peev xwm mus hais txog mus suab paj nruag thiab entrepreneurship. Nyob rau hauv 1575, nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov composer Tallis los ua ib tug monopolist nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm uas tsis tau coj nws cov nyiaj. Tab sis coj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub tiv thaiv lawv txoj cai rau vaj tse. Tom qab nws tuag (1623) nyob rau hauv lub official cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, nws twb hu ua "tus founder ntawm cov suab paj nruag."

Yuav ua li cas tseem tshuav qab lub zoo composers ntawm cov Renaissance? Noog dua li luam tawm anthologies (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia) tau fwm ntau phau tau txhais, xav tias lawv tsim tsuas yog rau cov kev pab. Luam tawm tom qab madrigals (Musica Transalpina) pom ib tug zoo tus ntawm Italian sau phau ntawv, tab sis ob peb Masses thiab motets nkag mus hauv lub golden nyiaj ntawm cov nkauj dawb ceev.

Spain Cristobal de Morales

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lus Mev music tsev kawm ntawv dhau los ntawm lub Vatican, hais lus nyob rau hauv lub papal lub tsev teev ntuj. Lawv xav tias tej yam ntawm lub Dutch thiab Italian sau phau ntawv, yog li ntawd, tsuas yog ib tug ob peb tswj los mus ua nto moo nyob sab nraum lub teb chaws. Renaissance composers los ntawm Spain twb polyphonists tsim lub suab qw tej hauj lwm. Lub brightest neeg sawv cev - Cristobal de Morales (XVI century), tus uas coj lub parametrized nyob rau hauv Toledo thiab kawm ntawv ntau tshaj ib tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Ib tug follower ntawm Josquin des Prez, Cristobal privnos tshwj xeeb cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm hu ua homophonic.

Qhov loj tshaj tej chaw tau ob Requiem Sau (lub xeem - tsib votes), raws li zoo raws li lub pawg "Ib tug armed txiv neej." Nws sau thiab secular tej hauj lwm (lub cantata nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm kev thaj yeeb treaty nyob rau hauv 1538), tab sis nws yog hais txog nws ua ntej lawm tej hauj lwm. Mus rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Malaga, nws tseem tus sau cov nkauj dawb ceev.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Composers ntawm lub Renaissance thiab lawv tej hauj lwm tau npaj lub flourishing ntawm instrumental music ntawm lub XVII xyoo pua thiab rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab ib hom ntawv nyeem - lub opera, uas hloov lub intricacies ntawm ntau lub suab los supremacy ntawm uas cov suab paj nruag. Lawv ua ib tug tiag tiag txhob nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai thiab cim pib ntawm niaj hnub kos duab.