"Kommunarka" - firing ntau nyob rau hauv Moscow

Nyob rau hauv lub Moscow cheeb tsam "Kommunarka" yog lub caij ntuj sov chaw nyob ntawm Henry Berry, uas tau ntev tau txais kev pab raws li tus tswj ntawm lub OGPU thiab cov NKVD. Tom qab no qhov chaw yog chaw tshwj xeeb uas cov neeg raug tua thiab faus, repressed. "Kommunarka" - Ntaus tus landfill, uas tsis tau yav tas los lawm muaj, thiab yog tam sim no qhib rau cov pej xeem. Tam sim no muaj ib tug me me tojntxas nrog ib tug memorial complex thiab monastery incessantly nrog tej kev thov Vajtswv tus ntsuj plig los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg uas tuag nyob rau hauv lub dungeons. Nrhiav lub caij nyoog chaw nyob qhov twg cov "Kommunarka" (a hit polygon) them homage rau lub ashes ntawm cov neeg raug, nws yog ib qho yooj yim. Qhov no yog qhov plaub kilometer ntawm lub Kaluga txoj kev. Teev kam maj Declassified neeg ua hauj lwm thiab cov neeg raug ntawm lub npe twb tau luam tawm. Thiab tsis tag nrho cov tau rehabilitated tom qab Stalin tuag.

Leej twg yog nyob ntawm no?

Cov av nyob rau hauv lub "Kommunarka" mus rau lub tsim txom seem ntawm Politburo neeg thiab tus neeg sib tw cov tswv cuab, xya union republics poob no lawv cov thawj secretaries ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub CPSU (b), muaj nteg mej zeej ntawm lub CEC, ntawm lub CPC, lub Central Executive Committee, muaj ntau secretaries ntawm lub regional pawg, lub Comintern ... Cov npe ntawm tag nrho cov kaj thiab nrov: Bubnov, Bukharin, Rykov, Rudzutak, Krestinsky, Pyatnitsky, Berzin, Kuhn. Qhov no yog tsis yog txhua txhua lub sonorous cov npe uas ua rau tsis nco qab "Kommunarka". Ntaus cov landfill, uas yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab daim ntawv, thiab faus muaj coob tus neeg.

Ntawm no thiab thawj cov kev lub toj ntxas (Dybenko, Kuibyshev, Kireev) thiab kev sau ntawv (Pilnyak, Artom Vesoly, Gastev, Shakhovskoy), ntawm no yog cov neeg kho ntawm "txim", "Red Star", "Literary Gazette", "Labor". Raws li zoo raws li ci ntsa iab zaum thiab mas nuj nqis ntawm cov kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai. Ntau tshaj li ib txhiab pov thawj thiab Orthodox ntseeg faus "Kommunarka". Ntaus cov landfill thiab muab lub qub neeg lub Commissar yog tam sim no muab rau St. Catherine tus Monastery.

lub xeev tsis pub leejtwg paub

Tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm loj executions thiab burials ntawm nom tswv neeg raug kaw yog nruj me ntsis tiv thaiv, thiab tsuas yog lub heev ruaj ntseg cov kev pab cuam paub txog cov neeg. Txawm tsis yog txhua txhua ua hauj lwm ntawm xws chaw tau paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yog rawv, lawv paub ib yam dab tsi tias tsuas yog cov thawj saib xyuas shootings rhiab qhov chaw, tab sis lawv txoj hauj lwm twb tag rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub cheeb tsam thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob txawv teb chaws yam khoom. Ntawm no los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm mas lub ntiaj teb rau ncuav nyob rau hauv rau khom lub qhov taub - hais tias yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug tua ntau. "Kommunarka" thiab hnub no tsis tau muab tag nrho nws cov secrets.

qhia tawm ntawm secrets

Tam sim no ntawm daim card daim ntaub thaiv maj muab tshem tawm, qhib archives, sau pov thawj ntawm cov neeg hauv zos (txawm hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm paub?). Historians kawm hit daim ntawv teev rau declassify lub FSB. Nais maum kuaj lawv tus kheej burial: suav qhov, ntsuam, pom ib co kua nplaum uas cia nyias nyob rau hauv ntoo. Ib co kua nplaum ntawm pos ua rau nws tau los mus txiav txim qhov loj ntawm lub firing tsam.

Tag nrho cov no ua hauj lwm tau pib xwb nyob rau hauv lub nineties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Moscow cim tsoom fwv pab them tej yaam num nyob rau hauv lub "Kommunarka" thiab nyob rau Butovo firing ntau yam. Txawm li cas los, tej yaam num muaj tsis tau pom tau hais, txij thaum lub tag nrho cheeb tsam txij li thaum 1999 yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Moscow Patriarchate.

cov ntaub ntawv

Muaj ntawv teev tsuas ib tug ob peb burial sites repressed pej xeem: Yauzskaya tsev kho mob (center ntawm Moscow), Vagankovsky tojntxas Donskoy crematorium. Kuj rhiab qhov chaw "firing ntau" Kommunarka "" thiab "firing ntau" ntawm Butovo "" Nws muaj tsuas yog unreliable eyewitness nyiaj thiab zaj lus tim khawv tau muab los ntawm cov commandant ntawm lub NKVD ARP Sadowski nyob rau hauv 1937.

Ib nrab excavations "ntawm Butovo" paub meej tias qhov kev txiav txim yuav tau xav txog qhov chaw ntawm kev faus tom qab lub shootings. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, txawm lub City tsis paub tias tom ntej no mus rau lawv yog ib cov hit ntau "Kommunarka". USSR ntsuas nyob tag nrho lub neej achievements.

cov neeg tseem ceeb qhov chaw

Tua ntau "Kommunarka" thiab tib yam rau Butovo muaj ntau cov tswv thiab yog li ntawd ho txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Cov yav tas tswj lub capital kev tswj ntawm lub NKVD, thiab "Kommunarka" - lub KGB, lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm. Hais tias yog, "ntawm Butovo" tua cov tub soj xyuas, saboteurs thiab cov neeg phem los ntawm lub hauv qab, thiab "Kommunarka" - rau sab saum toj ntawm lub conspiracy.

Lawv tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Deputy Chairman ntawm neeg lub Commissars Rykov, uas kos npe rau kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv Solovetsky camp tshwj xeeb lub sij hawm uas tag nrho cov tam sim no paub. Neeg lub Commissar ntawm Enlightenment A. Bubnov, kuj txawv nws tus kheej: nyob rau ntawm nws hais kom pib cais cov kwv tij thiab cov muam - cov me nyuam ntawm cov repressed - thiab xa mus rau txawv orphanages. J. thiab J. Rudzutak Unshlikht txoj cai lub Central Executive Committee advocated qhov creation ntawm lub sab qaum teb camps thiab nthuav dav pleev xim rau lawv cov kev kho. Tag nrho lawv tau ua. Thiab ces lawv sheltered firing ntau "Kommunarka" lawv tus kheej (Moscow cheeb tsam).

Rau tua nyob rau hauv "ntawm Butovo" nco "peb" thiab txawm "ob" ntawm lub NKVD los yog tus tub ceev xwm, thiab "Kommunarka" muaj txim los ntawm lub Supreme Court ntawm lub USSR, nws cov tub rog lug txhawb cov miv, thiab qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws kev hais plaub ntug txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas tuag muaj, rau qhov cov muaj lub cim los ntawm txhais tes ntawm Stalin nws tus kheej. Firing ntau "Kommunarka" nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Moscow - ib lub cim qhov chaw, hnyav, qhov twg cov huab cua nws tus kheej yuav txom nyem muab tua pov tseg, thiab cov av yog heev lawm ua tus sau nrog lawv cov ntshav.

Cov txheeb ze thiab cov phooj ywg

Stalin tus shooting npe muaj cov npe ntawm 44,5 txhiab, ntawm uas 38,000 raug tua. Tag nrho cov 383 daim ntawv teev tseem hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm lub ob hlis ntuj 1937 mus Lub kaum hli ntuj 1938, nyob qhov twg nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd muaj yog kos npe rau ntawm Stalin Molotov, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Zhdanov, Kosior thiab Yezhov.

Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev yog tsis raug ua ntej lub tua ntawm tej mus sib hais los yog kev tshawb nrhiav. Qhov no yog qhov NKVD tub ceev xwm thiab cov txheeb ze ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, txiv hmab txiv ntoo rub ib kaum tsib cov txiv neej nyob nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze thiab tsis yog li ntawd yam: nws tus poj niam (thiab nkauj muam nraug nus Sverdlov) J. Auerbach, nws ob tug viv ncaus thiab thiaj li nyob. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ntawm cov tua yuav tsis yuav lig random thiab nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev ua txhaum neeg.

dacha

Ib tug tib-storey tsev ntoo Commissar Yagoda ua nyob rau hauv 1928. Rau sab laug ib nrab muaj rau los sis xya kaj thiab khab seeb chav thiab txoj cai twb nqi hluav taws xob chav thiab cov chav rau attendants. Tsis txhob so nyob rau hauv ib tug txaj viav-vias los yog nyob rau hauv lub txaj tuaj ntawm no tswv. Lub tsev no yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov thawj lub rooj sib tham thiab tsis pub leejtwg paub ua hauj lwm, thiab lub thib ob - rau kev ua koob tsheej ntawm ntau yam hnub thiab tshwj xeeb hnub.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov seem mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm "Kommunarka" thawj mus xyuas no tsev raws li txais tos qhua. Tsis nyob rau hauv vain nws yog hais tias ib tug kiv puag ncig devours tag nrho nws cov me nyuam. Thaum cov neeg tuaj cov qhua, chav tsev muab kev pab yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub rov qab chav tsev nyob rau hauv xauv thiab tseem ceeb. Tse thiab lwm yam neeg ua hauj lwm hauv tsev vaj coj nrog lawv raws li ntev raws li tsis qhib "Kommunarka" firing ntau yam. Hnub ntawm tshwm sim yog suav tias yog vim cov thawj loj tiav - Cuaj hlis 2, 1937. Thiab pre-Berry nws tus kheej twb puas tau raug ntes - nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj.

Chaw nyob thiab turnout

Graves nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws ib tug ntau, thiab rhiab qhov chaw "Kommunarka" yog sib txawv heev los ntawm lawv. Ntawm no yog lus dag cov neeg tseem ceeb - tsoom fwv ntawm lub USSR thiab cov republics ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub tog neeg, tus neeg Commissars thiab cov nom tswv nrog nws deputies, muaj nom tswv txawm txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws, muaj ntau yam directors of central boards, trusts thiab factories, ib tug ntau ntawm cov tub rog - cov legendary, hais txog tej uas zaj nkauj no muaj li thiab tsos muab tshem tawm: lub division commander, tus thawj coj rau tub rog ntawm hiav txwv, tub rog kws txawj. Cov neeg tau privileged, influential thiab Revered los ntawm cov neeg.

Lub chaw nyob ntawm cov neeg raug dag hais hais lus rau lawv tus kheej. Muaj ntau cov neeg nyob ntawm no yuav ntxias cov Kremlin - Bukharin, Krestinsky, Rudzutak thiab lwm yam favorites ntawm cov neeg. Dauprat - tsoom fwv tsev, renamed pej xeem humorists nyob rau hauv lub remand tsev - nyob rau txoj kev Serafimovich. Celebrities nrog ib lub teeb tes Yuri Trifonov lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub waterfront, qhov twg muaj tsuas yog 507 qhov, thiab puas tau raug ntes 787 ntawm nws cov inhabitants, tus uas 338 raug tua, thiab 164 - nyob rau hauv Kommunarka. Ntau twb guarded lub tsev nyob rau Granovsky, ib co ntxim hlub lub tsev nyob rau hauv Gorky thiab kim cov chaw ntiav pw, qhov chaw uas high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm tau raug accommodated rau ib tug tsis tu ncua.

Scouts los yog neeg tshuaj tebchaws?

Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tua lwm tus neeg, puas tau ntau tus neeg yuav mus tua nws ib yam nkaus thiab. Nws yeej ib txwm tshwm sim. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub "Kommunarka" yog diplomats thiab advisors ntawm embassies thiab cov tub rog hniav. Ntawm no, tag nrho kaum tus departments txawj ntse Agency tshuav lawv cov thawj coj. Thiab ntawm no counterintelligence thiab txawj ntse tub ceev xwm, tub soj xyuas renamed. Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv hais txog nws tus txiv S. Efron Marina Tsvetaeva sau ntawv mus rau Beria, yog tus neeg lub luag hauj lwm rau lub siab tshaj plaws raws li, kev txi thiab huv si, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws txiv neej uas nws tau ntsib nyob rau hauv kuv lub neej.

Ib tug qub Dawb khwb nrog ib tug meej rejection ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, mam li nco dheev ringing ntawm daim card cov kev pab NKVD? Thiab yuav ua li cas EMRO, nws chairman Kutepov, uas kidnaps Efron? Leej twg nyob rau hauv lawv yog nqus tsev vacuum thiab kev txi? Thiab ntau yam ntxiv twb muaj neeg nyiag General Miller, uas raug tua Reiss ... Thaum nyob rau hauv Paris los ua ze (xav los ntawm tub ceev xwm) nyob rau hauv 1937, Efron rov qab mus rau lub Soviet Union, uas nyob rau hauv 1939 tau xav tias ua hauj lwm rau txawv teb chaws txawj ntse cov kev pab thiab raug ntes, tab sis twb tua nyob rau hauv "Kommunarka" xwb nyob rau hauv 1941. Peb muaj tau nrhiav pov thawj. Txawm tias lawv yuav nyob rau hauv ib zaug. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog tam sim no hais tias cia li tua.

khoom plig Cheka

Hais txog Chekists - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais tias nws associates lub "Hlau Felix" meant firing ntau "Kommunarka". Chaw nyob cottages tau repressed Berries txuas - nco ntsoov Yezhov, muab nrog Stalin. Chiv nws yog. Ua ntej peb graves, Version 2, 20 Cuaj hlis thiab 8 Lub kaum hli ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov KGB. Ces ceased tsi.

254 kev ruaj ntseg ceev xwm poob rau thaj av no: Neeg 's Commissar ntawm Mordovia, siab phau ntawv txhua yam "Dalstroi" tus ceev xwm nyob rau hauv Solovki, cov thawj ntawm cov NKVD ntawm Ukraine thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Ob tug deputy Dzerzhinsky, txawm nws ze cov phooj ywg thiab colleague J. Peters, raws li zoo raws li lub initiator ntawm lub "Liab xav tias tsam lawv" M. Latsis - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv raug tua nyob rau hauv lub "Kommunarka" thiab ces muab pov tseg nyob rau hauv cov qho to uas yog dug rau lwm leej lwm tus.