Lasers nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Kev siv cov lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab science

Tshaj yav dhau los tsib caug xyoo lasers tau siv nyob rau hauv Ophthalmology, Oncology, yas phais thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj thiab biomedical kev tshawb fawb.

Nyob rau tau siv lub teeb los kho tus kab mob tau paub rau ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov ancient Greeks thiab Egyptians siv solar tawg txoj kev kho, thiab cov ob lub tswv yim twb txawm muaj feem xyuam rau txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv mythology - Greek vajtswv Apollo yog tus vaj tswv ntawm lub hnub thiab zoo.

Nws tsuas yog tom qab coherent tawg qhov chaw ntawm lub invention ntau tshaj 50 xyoo dhau los tau raug pom tias tej zaum siv ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Vim nws tshwj xeeb, lub laser yog ntau npaum li cas npaum li hnub ci tawg los yog lwm qhov chaw. Txhua quantum generator yog kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug heev nqaim wavelength ntau yam thiab emits coherent lub teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj cia koj mus ua kom tau lub hwj chim. zog beam yuav tau teem mus rau ib tug heev me me taw tes, uas tau nyob rau hauv nws cov kev kub ceev. Cov zog tau coj mus rau lub fact tias hnub no lasers yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev kho mob diagnostics, txoj kev kho thiab phais.

Ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag kev kho mob

Kev siv cov lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj pib nrog Ophthalmology thiab dermatology. Maser twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1960. Thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd Leon Goldman pom yuav ua li cas ruby liab laser nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav siv tau kom tshem tawm cov capillary dysplasia, ntau yam ntawm nevi thiab melanoma.

Daim ntawv thov no yog raws li nyob rau hauv coherent lub teeb qhov chaw muaj peev xwm mus ua hauj lwm hauv ib lub wavelength. Qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg yog tam sim no dav siv rau tshem tawm hlav, tattoos, cov plaub hau thiab moles.

Nyob rau hauv dermatology, lasers yog siv ntau hom thiab wavelengths, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm ntau hom ntawm kho tau txhab thiab lub ntsiab absorbing cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lawv. Cov wavelength kuj yog nyob ntawm tus neeg mob daim tawv nqaij.

Niaj hnub no nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los xyaum dermatology thiab Ophthalmology tsis lasers, txij li thaum lawv tau ua yooj yim cuab yeej ntawm tus neeg mob mob. Kev siv cov lasers rau lub zeem muag kho thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm ophthalmic daim ntaub ntawv ntau zog tom qab Charlz Kempbell nyob rau hauv 1961 los ua tus thawj kws kho mob los siv liab laser nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj los kho tus neeg mob nrog retinal detachment.

Tom qab ntawd, rau lub hom phiaj no, ophthalmologists pib siv argon qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab ib feem ntawm lub spectrum. Ntawm no, cov khoom ntawm lub qhov muag, tshwj xeeb yog cov lens ua kom pom tseeb rau hauv lub beam nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm retinal detachment tau muab kev koom tes. Heev hwj chim apparatus nws cia welds.

Cov neeg mob uas muaj ib co ntaub ntawv ntawm macular degeneration yuav pab laser phais - laser photocoagulation thiab photodynamic txoj kev kho. Nyob rau hauv thawj txoj kev, ib tug nqaj kev to taub tau tawg yog siv rau kev sib khi cov hlab ntsha thiab lawv pathological slowing ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub macula.

Zoo li cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv 1940 nrog tshav ntuj, tab sis rau lawv muaj kev vam meej kawm tiav ntawm cov kws kho mob tau yuav tsum tau cov khoom nws quantum generators. Tom qab daim ntawv thov ntawm ib tug argon laser tau los ua ib tug nres nrog los ntshav. Selective haum ntawm lub teeb ntsuab los ntawm hemoglobin - xim liab ntshav - twb tau muab siv rau thaiv cov hlab ntshav txog ntsha los ntshav. Rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cancer puas cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv lub qog thiab nws muab as-ham.

Qhov no yuav tsis tau tiav los ntawm kev siv tshav ntuj. Tshuaj yog heev conservative, raws li nws yuav tsum, tab sis lub qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg tau txais paub nyob rau hauv nws cov ntau yam. Lasers nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tau hloov ntau tsoos cov cuab yeej.

Ophthalmology thiab Dermatology kuj pab tau los ntawm excimer qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg nyob rau hauv lub ultraviolet ntau yam. Lawv tau lug siv los hloov tus duab ntawm lub cornea (LASIK) qhov muag kho. Lasers nyob rau hauv aesthetic tshuaj siv rau tshem tawm tsuas thiab wrinkles.

Lucrative kom hniav zoo nkauj phais

Cov hauj uas yuav inevitably nrov coj mus muag ua lag luam, raws li lawv muaj ib tug lossis loj muaj peev xwm rau profit. Analyst ruaj Medtech Insight nyob rau hauv 2011 kwv yees li kev ua lag luam ntawm kom hniav zoo nkauj laser khoom muaj nqis ntau tshaj $ 1 billion. Tseeb, dua li cov txo nyob rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho kev thov rau kev noj qab nyob system thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb no lub caij txom nyem, kom hniav zoo nkauj phais, raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm lasers, tseem yuav txaus siab rau ruaj khov thov nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States - lub hom laser tshuab ua lag luam.

Visualization thiab diagnostics

Lasers nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov nrhiav kom tau ntawm mob cancer thiab ntau lwm yam kab mob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Tel Aviv, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm zaum xav infrared spectroscopy siv infrared qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog hais tias cancer thiab noj nqaij tej zaum yuav muaj ntau permeability nyob rau hauv lub infrared ntau yam. Ib tug ntawm pheej daim ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv no yog cov cim ntawm melanoma. Daim tawv nqaij cancer, kuaj pom thaum ntxov yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov ciaj sia taus ntawm cov neeg mob. Tam sim no, nrhiav kom tau ntawm melanoma yog nyob rau hauv ob lub qhov muag, li ntawd, yog tso siab rau tus kws kho mob tawm kev.

Nyob rau hauv ua Ixayees, ib xyoos ib zaug, txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm mus rau ib tug dawb ntsuam xyuas ntawm melanoma. Ob peb xyoos dhau los nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov loj kho mob cov chaw ua txoj kev tshawb no, uas tau nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm rau kom meej meej soj ntsuam cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub infrared ntau ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub peev xwm, tab sis tsis txaus ntshai yam ntxwv, thiab tam sim no melanoma.

Katzir, lub organizer ntawm cov thawj sib tham ntawm SPIE Biomedical Optics rau hauv 1984, thiab nws pab neeg nyob rau hauv Tel Aviv kuj tsim kho qhov muag fibers uas yog pob tshab rau infrared wavelengths, uas mus cuag cov qauv no mus rau lub internal diagnostics. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav ua tau ib tug ceev thiab tsis mob lwm txoj rau lub tsev me nyuam smears nyob rau hauv Gynecology.

Blue semiconductor laser nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tau thov nyob rau hauv fluorescence mob.

Systems raws li quantum generators kuj pib hloov lub X-ray, uas yog txwm siv nyob rau hauv mammography. X-rays kws kho mob muab ib tug yooj yim teeb meem: kev txhim khu kev qha kom paub tias mob qog nqaij hlav lawv yuav tsum tau siab siv, tab sis tawg txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm nws tus kheej tsub kom qhov uas yuav mob cancer. Xwb, peb kawm tau ntawm kev siv heev ceev ceev laser pulses rau ib tug mis duab, thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev xws li lub paj hlwb.

Oct rau lub qhov muag thiab tsis yog

Lasers nyob rau hauv ib thiab tshuaj muaj tau siv nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag coherence tomography (Oct), uas sparked ib nthwv dej ntawm tej yam txaus siab. Qhov no imaging txheej txheem siv maser zog thiab muaj peev xwm muab ib tug heev ntshiab (nyob rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug micron), ib tug tiag tiag-lub sij hawm peb-dimensional duab thiab tus ntoo khaub lig lom cov ntaub so ntswg. Oct twb tau thov nyob rau hauv Ophthalmology, thiab tej zaum yuav, piv txwv li, pab kom lub ophthalmologist mus ntsib ib tug ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm lub cornea rau diagnosing retinal mob thiab glaucoma. Niaj hnub no, cov cav tov pib yuav tsum tau siv kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam liaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj.

Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws tej thaj chaw tsim vim Oct koom tau fiber-kho qhov muag qauv hlab ntsha. Kho qhov muag coherence tomography yuav siv tau rau kev ntsuam xyuas hauv lub xeev nws rupture ntawm tsis ruaj tsis khov quav hniav.

Microscopy uas muaj sia nyob

Lasers nyob rau hauv science, engineering, tshuaj kuj ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm microscopy. ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau tau ua nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, lub hom phiaj yog mus pom dab tsi tshwm sim hauv tus neeg mob lub cev tsis muaj kev siv ntawm ib riam phais neeg.

Cov feem ntau nyuaj rau tshem tawm cov mob cancer yog qhov yuav tsum tau rau lossi chaw uasi mus rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab, tus kws phais yuav kom paub tseeb tias txhua yam yog ua li cas kom raug. Muaj peev xwm mus ua microscopy "nyob" thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog ib tug tseem ceeb txoj kev kawm.

Ib tug tshiab daim ntawv thov ntawm lasers nyob rau hauv lub kos duab thiab cov tshuaj - PP nyob ze-teb kho qhov muag microscopy, uas yuav ua tau dluab nrog ib tug daws teeb meem ntau npaum li cas siab tshaj cov pa rub kom pom loj. Qhov no yog raws li nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag fibers nrog notches rau hauv lub xaus, yog me dua cov wavelength ntawm lub teeb. Qhov no tso cai rau subwavelength imaging, thiab pw lub hauv paus rau lub qauv kev lom hlwb. Kev siv cov no technology nyob rau hauv infrared lasers yuav cia ib tug zoo dua kev nkag siab ntawm tus kab mob Alzheimer, cancer, thiab lwm yam kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub hlwb.

Photodynamic txoj kev kho thiab lwm yam kev kho mob

Uas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kho qhov muag fibers pab los txhawb txoj kev siv cov lasers thiab lwm yam liaj teb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv cia mob rau hauv lub cev, lub zog ntawm coherent tawg yuav kis tau mus rau qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsum tau. Qhov no yuav siv nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob. Fiber lasers yog ntau npaum li cas lawm. Lawv radically hloov lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm cov tshuaj.

Teb Photomedicine, siv lub teeb-sensitive tshuaj uas INTERACTIONS nrog rau lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev, tej zaum yuav chaw uasi mus rau kev siv lasers rau ob qho tib si mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob. Nyob rau hauv photodynamic txoj kev kho (PDT), piv txwv li, ib tug laser thiab ib tug photosensitive tshuaj yuav restore lub zeem muag nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob uas "ntub" daim ntawv ntawm muaj hnub nyoog txog macular degeneration, ib tug loj ua rau cov dig muag nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 50 xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv Oncology ib co porphyrins noog nyob rau hauv kev mob hlwb, thiab fluoresce thaum illuminated tej wavelength, qhia qhov chaw ntawm lub qog. Yog hais tias cov tib tebchaw ces highlight ib tug txawv wavelength, lawv ua tshuaj lom thiab tua cov puas hlwb.

Ib tug liab Helium-neon roj laser yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm txha, psoriasis, venous ulcers, etc., Raws li no zaus yog zoo yaim los ntawm hemoglobin thiab enzymes. Tawg slows o, edema thiab hyperemia tiv thaiv, pab txoj kev ntshav mov.

tus kheej kev kho mob

Ob lwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib tug siv rau lasers - noob caj noob ces thiab epigenetics.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, txhua yam yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nanoscale, uas yuav cia coj mus xyaum cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell scale. Lasers uas yuav ua kom muaj femtosecond pulses thiab tig mus rau ib tug tej wavelength, yog zoo tagnrho cov neeg koom tes rau cov kws kho mob.

Qhov no yuav qhib lub qhov rooj rau ib tug tus kheej kev kho mob raws li tus neeg mob tus genome.

Leon Goldman - tus tsim ntawm Laser tshuaj

Tham txog txoj kev siv cov lasers nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg, tsis hais Leon Goldman. Nws yog lub npe hu ua "txiv" ntawm laser tshuaj.

Ib xyoo tom qab lub coherent tawg qhov chaw Goldman tsim thawj soj ntsuam siv nws rau cov kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij kab mob. Cov txheej txheem ua ntawv thov tus paub txog uas teb cov leem txoj kev rau lub tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob ntawm laser dermatology.

Nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s coj mus rau qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug ruby maser nyob rau hauv phais ntawm lub retina thiab xws discoveries li tau kev to taub tau tawg nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txiav daim tawv nqaij thiab muab cov hlab ntsha, limiting los ntshav.

Goldman, uas ua hauj lwm rau feem ntau ntawm nws cov hauj lwm, ib tug dermatologist nyob rau University of Cincinnati, nrhiav tau lub American Society of Lasers hauv tshuaj thiab phais, thiab pab nteg cov me nyuam yaus rau laser kev ruaj ntseg. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1997

miniaturization

Tus thawj 2-micron lasers qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau lub txaj thiab txias nrog kua nitrogen. Niaj hnub no nyob diode uas haum nyob rau hauv lub Palm, thiab txawm ntau tej yam me me fiber lasers. Tej kev hloov no yog paving txoj kev rau cov ntawv tshiab thiab cov uas. Tshuaj rau yav tom ntej yuav muaj ib tug me me lasers rau lub hlwb phais.

Tsaug rau kev siv technology tshiab kev kawm muaj ib qhov yuav txo tau ntawm cov nqi. Ib yam li lasers tau ua ib yam nyob rau hauv neeg electronics, lawv pib ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tsev kho mob cov khoom.

Yog hais tias ua ntej lawm lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj yog heev loj thiab complex, nws hnub no lawv zus tau tej cov kho qhov muag fibers txo tus nqi, thiab cov kev hloov mus rau nanolevel yuav ntxiv txo nqi.

lwm yam kev siv

Siv lasers urologists yuav kho urethral stricture, benign cos, urinary pob zeb, zais zis contracture, thiab prostate o.

Kev siv cov laser nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj enabled neurosurgeons yuav ua rau leej txiav thiab ua endoscopic xeem ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum.

Cov kws kho tsiaj siv lasers rau endoscopic cov txheej txheem, coagulation ntawm hlav, incision, thiab photodynamic txoj kev kho.

Cov kws kho hniav siv coherent lub teeb rau kev ua qhov nyob rau hauv cov pos hniav phais rau antibacterial cov txheej txheem, kev kho hniav desensitization thiab roto-lub ntsej muag mob.

laser ciaj tais

Biomedical soj ntsuam tau siv kho qhov muag ciaj tais thoob ntiaj teb, cell sorters, raws li zoo li ntau lwm cov cuab yeej. Laser ciaj tais cog lus zoo dua thiab ntau dua sai mob ntawm cancer thiab siv los mus ntes kab mob, kab mob, zoo hlau hais thiab DNA strands.

Kho qhov muag ciaj tais coherent beam ntawm hluav taws xob yog siv los tuav thiab tig me me khoom nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li hlau los sis yas ciaj tais tau tos me me thiab yooj yim cov khoom. Cov molecules yuav manipulated los ntawm so lawv mus rau ib tug daim iav los yog micron-sized hlaws dai ntawm polystyrene. Thaum lub beam hits lub pob, nws yog nkhaus thiab muaj ib tug me me nyhuv, thawb lub pob ncaj nraim rau qhov chaw ntawm lub beam.

Qhov no ua ib qho kev "kho qhov muag cuab", uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm tuav me me nyob rau hauv lub beam ntawm lub teeb.

Laser tshuaj: pros thiab cons

Lub zog ntawm coherent tawg, cov kev siv uas yuav tsum modulated, yog siv los txiav, kev puas tsuaj los yog kev hloov ntawm lub cell los yog cov extracellular qauv kev lom ntaub so ntswg. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv ntawm lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv luv luv, thiaj li muaj cov pheej hmoo kis mob thiab yeej txhawb kev kho neeg mob. Kev siv cov lasers nyob rau hauv phais tsub kom cov neeg ntawm tus txiav, txawm li cas los, lawv yog txaus ntshai rau cev xeeb tub cov poj niam thiab muaj ib tug contraindication rau kev siv ntawm photosensitizing tshuaj.

Lub complex qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis pub ib tug unambiguous txhais lus ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm classical lom seev. Lasers hauv tshuaj (yees duab) yog ib tug zoo cuab tam rau cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kev mob hlwb. Txawm li cas los, muaj hwj chim loj qhov chaw ntawm coherent tawg yog indiscriminately thiab txov tsis tau tsuas yog cuam tshuam, tab sis kuj nyob ib ncig cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse - ib tug tseem ceeb lub cuab tam rau microdissection txoj kev siv rau molecular tsom xam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev txaus siab nrog tau xim kev puas tsuaj ntawm superfluous hlwb. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov no technology yog kom kov yeej lub heterogeneity tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lom ntaub so ntswg, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pab txhawb cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv zoo-txhais pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, lub laser microdissection tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub physiological mechanisms uas niaj hnub no muaj peev xwm yuav kom meej meej pom nyob rau pejxeem theem, thiab txawm ib tug tib cell.

Kev cov ntaub so ntswg engineering tau tam sim no ua ib tug loj tshaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm biology. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim yog hais tias peb txiav lub actin fibers nyob rau hauv lub division? Yuav cov Drosophila embryo yog ruaj khov, yog hais tias ua kom puas hlwb thaum folding tej yam kev mob? Yuav ua li cas yog cov tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cog meristem tsam? Tag nrho cov ntawm cov teeb meem yuav tau daws nrog kev pab los ntawm lasers.

Nanomedicine

Tsis ntev los no, ib tug plurality ntawm nanostructures muaj zog haum rau ib tug ntau yam kev lom daim ntaub ntawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog:

• quantum dots - emitting me me hais ntawm nanometer ntau thiab tsawg pab siv nyob rau hauv high-rhiab heev imaging cell;
• magnetic nanoparticles uas tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev kho mob xyaum;
• polymer hais rau cov encapsulated kho molecules;
• nws yog xim hlau nanoparticles.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm nanotechnology thiab kev siv cov lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv luv luv, muaj revolutionized txoj kev ntawm txoj kev saib xyuas cov tshuaj. Lub ncua ntawm nanoparticles muaj tshuaj yuav txhim khu lub kho index ntawm ntau lub tebchaw (miv nyuas siv zug thiab ua rau kom lub solubility, qis toxicity) los ntawm cov xim txiav txim nyob rau hauv cuam tshuam ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb. Lawv xa cov active ingredient raws li tej tshuaj tso tawm ntawm lub active ingredient nyob rau hauv teb mus rau sab nraud stimuli. Nanoteranostika sim mus kom ze yog ntxiv muab dual siv nanoparticles, tshuaj compound, txoj kev kho thiab diagnostic imaging agents, uas yuav qhib txoj kev rau tus kheej kev kho mob.

Kev siv cov lasers rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab biology rau microdissection thiab fotoablatsii pub sib to taub ntawm lub physiological mechanisms ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Cov kev tshwm sim yuav pab txiav txim qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm txhua tus neeg mob. Nanotechnology txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ze kev twb kev txuas nrog cov achievements nyob rau hauv lub imaging teb kuj yuav tseem ceeb. Nanomedicine yog ib tug pheej tshiab daim ntawv ntawm kev kho mob rau tej hom mob cancer, mob kab mob los yog mob.