Semiconductor Lasers: hom kev ntaus ntawv, cov kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus, kev siv cov

Semiconductor lasers yog quantum generators raws li semiconductor active nruab nrab, nyob rau tus kho qhov muag amplification los ntawm stimulated emission yog tsim nyob rau txoj kev hloov ntawm lub quantum zog ntawm ib tug siab concentration ntawm free xwb muaj nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

Semiconductor laser: hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam

Feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub valency theem. Thaum lub sij hawm mus kom ze photon zog tshaj lub zog band kis, ib tug semiconductor, electrons tuaj rau hauv lub xeev ntawm excitation, thiab rhuav lub forbidden tsam, tsiv mus rau hauv ib tug dawb cheeb tsam, ywm nyob rau ntawm nws sab ntug. Ib txhij, muaj ib lub qhov tsim nyob rau hauv lub valence theem, nce mus rau nws sab sauv ciam teb. Lub electrons nyob rau hauv lub dawb cheeb tsam recombine nrog qhov, radiating zog sib npaug zos rau lub zog ntawm cov kev sib tawg tsam, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov photons. Recombination yuav kho kom zoo los ntawm photons nrog txaus muaj zog. Txog zauv piav qhia raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub Fermi faib nuj nqi.

ntaus ntawv

Lub semiconductor laser ntaus ntawv yog ib tug laser diode pumped zog electrons thiab qhov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam p-n-txoj kev hloov - lub taw tes rau ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lub conductive semiconductor p- thiab n-hom. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj semiconductor lasers nrog kho qhov muag lub zog tswv yim nyob rau hauv uas lub beam yog tsim los ntawm lub haum ntawm photons ntawm lub teeb thiab quantum cascade lasers, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub zaus nyob rau hauv lub aav.

qauv

Raug tebchaw siv nyob rau hauv semiconductor lasers thiab lwm yam optoelectronic pab kiag li lawm, raws li nram no:

• gallium arsenide;
• gallium phosphide;
• gallium nitride;
• indium phosphide;
• indium gallium arsenide;
• gallium txhuas arsenide;
• gallium-indium-gallium nitride;
• phosphide, gallium-indium.

wavelength

Cov tebchaw - ncaj qha-kis semiconductors. Indirect- (silicon) tsis emit teeb nrog txaus quab yuam thiab efficiency. Cov wavelength ntawm cov tawg ntawm lub diode laser nyob rau lub zog ntawm cov photon zog txuas lub band kis ntawm cov compound. Lub 3- thiab 4-tivthaiv semiconductor tebchaw zog band kis tej zaum yuav tsis tu ncua ntau yam tshaj ib tug ntau yam. Thaum AlGaAs = Al _x Ga _1-x li, piv txwv li, ua txhuas cov ntsiab lus (nce nyob rau hauv x) muaj cov nyhuv ntawm kev nce rau hauv lub zog band kis.

Thaum lub feem ntau semiconductor lasers khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze infrared ib feem ntawm lub spectrum, ib co emit liab (gallium indium phosphide), xiav los yog xim paj yeeb (gallium nitride) xim. Nruab nrab infrared semiconductor laser (lead selenide) thiab quantum cascade lasers.

organic semiconductors

Dhau li ntawm tus saum toj no inorganic tebchaw tej zaum yuav siv thiab organic. Tsim Nyog technology yog tseem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, tab sis nws loj hlob cog lus rau txo tau tus nqi ntawm zus tau tej cov lasers. Kom deb li deb, tsuas yog tsim organic lasers nrog kho qhov muag lub zog tawm tswv yim thiab high-kev ua tau zoo hluav taws xob twj tso kua mis twb tsis tau tau mus txog.

hom

Los ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm semiconductor lasers nrog sib txawv tsis thiab daim ntawv thov nqi.

Me laser diodes tsim ib tug beam ntawm high-zoo cov neeg kho tshuab tawg uas nws hwj chim yog hom twg los ntawm ib tug ob peb puas mus rau tsib puas milliwatts. lub laser diode nti yog ib tug nyias lub phaj, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug waveguide, txij thaum lub tawg tag rau ib tug me me qhov chaw. Crystal doped nrog ob tog los mus tsim ib tug pn-txoj kev hloov ntawm ib tug loj cheeb tsam. Lub polished xaus ua ib tug optical resonator ntawm ib tug Fabry - Perot interferometer. Photon dua los ntawm cov kab noj hniav yuav ua tau kom recombination tawg yuav ua rau kom, thiab yuav pib lub cim. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv laser pointer, CD- thiab DVD-players, raws li zoo raws li fiber optic.

Tsis tshua muaj hwj chim lasers thiab khoom lasers nrog ib tug sab nraud kab noj hniav rau generating luv luv pulses yuav synchronize txheej xwm.

semiconductor lasers nrog ib tug sab nraud kab noj hniav muaj ib tug laser diode, uas plays ib tug luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov nce nruab nrab ntau laser-resonator. Peev xwm ntawm hloov wavelengths thiab muaj ib tug nqaim emission band.

Txhaj lasers yog semiconductor cheeb tsam ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv ib tug broad band, yuav ua kom muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj zoo beam hwj chim ntawm ob peb Watts. Nws muaj ib tug nyias active txheej pov tseg ntawm lub p- thiab n-txheej, txoj kev ua ib tug muab ob npaug rau heterojunction. Lub mechanism ntawm twj ywm ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub sab coj yog uas ploj lawm, uas tau nyob rau hauv siab beam ellipticity thiab unacceptably siab pib currents.

Haib diode arrays, muaj raws ntawm ib tug array ntawm diodes, broadband, muaj peev xwm ntawm ua ib tug beam ntawm nruab nrab zoo hwj chim ntawm kaum tawm watts.

Haib ob-dimensional arrays ntawm diodes yuav ua kom muaj ib lub hwj chim ntawm pua pua txhiab tus watts.

Nto emitting lasers (VCSEL) emitting teeb zis beam zoo nyob rau hauv ob peb milliwatts perpendicular mus rau lub phaj. Nyob rau hauv tawg nto ntawm lub resonator daim iav yog thov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nyob rau hauv dynes ¼ yoj nrog txawv refractive indices. Rau ib tug hluas nti yuav ua tau ob peb puas lasers, uas yuav qhib li tau loj ntau lawm.

C VECSEL lasers kho qhov muag lub zog tawm tswv yim thiab ib tug sab nraud resonator muaj peev xwm ntawm generating ib tug nqaj uas zoo zoo hwj chim ntawm ob peb watts ntawm ib hom locking.

Ua hauj lwm semiconductor laser quantum cascade hom raws li nyob rau hauv zaus nyob rau hauv lub bands (nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub interband). Cov pab kiag li lawm emit nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm thaj av ntawd lub infrared spectrum, tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub terahertz ntau yam. Lawv yog siv, piv txwv li, raws li cov roj analyzers.

Semiconductor lasers: daim ntawv thov thiab lub ntsiab sib nrauj ntawm

High-power diode lasers nrog mas electrically pumped ntawm ntsis voltages yog siv raws li ib co txhais tau tias zoo ntawm muab zog khoom hauv lub xeev lasers.

Semiconductor lasers tau khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug loj ntau ntawm cov frequencies uas muaj xws li qhov pom, nyob ze infrared thiab nruab nrab infrared ib feem ntawm lub spectrum. Tsim pab kiag li lawm los kuj hloov izducheniya zaus.

Laser diodes yuav sai sai hloov thiab modulate tus kho qhov muag lub hwj chim uas yog siv nyob rau hauv fiber optic kev sib txuas lus kab transmitters.

Cov yam ntxwv tau ua semiconductor lasers yog technologically lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hom maser. Lawv siv:

• ib tug telemetry sensors, pyrometers, kho qhov muag altimeter, rangefinders, sights, holography;
• nyob rau hauv fiber kho qhov muag kis tau tus mob systems thiab cov ntaub ntawv cia, coherent kev sib txuas lus tshuab;
• laser printers, video projectors, pointers, bar code scanner, duab scanner, CD-players (DVD, CD, Blu-txoj sab ci);
• nyob rau hauv kev ruaj ntseg tshuab, quantum cryptography, automation, ntsuas;
• nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag metrology thiab spectroscopy;
• nyob rau hauv kev phais, kev kho hniav, cosmetology, txoj kev kho;
• dej purification, cov ntaub ntawv uas tuav, siv ntawm khoom hauv lub xeev lasers, tswj ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv industrial sorting, industrial machinery, tiv cav tseb systems, thiab huab cua tiv thaiv systems.

mem tes tso zis

Feem ntau cov semiconductor laser generates ib tug tas mus beam. Vim lub luv luv chaw nyob lub sij hawm ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub conduction theem uas lawv yog tsis heev haum rau generating ib tug Q-hloov pulses, tab sis quasi-nruam hom kev lag luam yuav ho ua rau kom lub quantum generator hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, semiconductor lasers tej zaum yuav siv tau rau lub cim ntawm ultrashort mem tes hom-xauv los yog switching ntawm lub nce. Nruab nrab hwj chim luv luv pulses, feem ntau yog rau ib ob peb milliwatts tsuas yog VECSEL-optically pumped lasers, uas tso zis wattage ntsuas picosecond pulses nrog ib tug zaus nyob rau hauv lub kaum ntawm gigahertz.

Tes taws los piav thiab stabilization

Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm luv luv chaw nyob electron nyob rau hauv lub conduction qhab ntawm cov semiconductor lasers yog lub peev xwm rau modulate lub siab zaus uas muaj VCSEL-lasers tshaj 10 GHz. Nws twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob, spectroscopy, laser stabilization.