Lub paj center: lub zog thiab hom

Lub paj hlwb plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom lub sam xeeb ntawm tus kab mob, raws li tau zoo raws li nws cov kev cai. Cov dab yog nqa anatomical thiab physiological complex, nrog rau cov Cns (central lub paj hlwb). Nws muaj ib lub npe - lub paj center. Thaj chaw uas nws yog yus muaj los ntawm: occlusion, central nyem, cov transformation tus nqi. Lawv thiab ib co lwm cov yuav raug tshawb nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Lub tswvyim ntawm lub paj chaw thiab nws cov khoom

Yav tas los, peb tau pom cov ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm poob siab system - ua ke. Nws yog ua tau vim hais tias ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Piv txwv li, ua pa hlab chaw ntawm uas nws zog - innervation pa (inspiratory thiab expiratory). Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov plaub ventricle, nyob rau hauv lub reticular tsim (medulla oblongata). Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm N. A. Mislavskogo, nws muaj symmetrically muab tso rau qhov chaw lub luag hauj lwm rau lub nqus tau pa thiab exhalation.

Nyob rau hauv lub qaum cheeb tsam ntawm lub Pons pnevmotaksichesky yog sib cais, uas regulates qhov aforesaid qhov chaw thiab lug ntawm lub hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau ua pa taw. Yog li, cov kev thaj chaw ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam muab kev cai ntawm lub physiological zog ntawm lub cev: plawv ua si, feem, kev ua pa thiab kev zom.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm dynamic localization zog I. P. Pavlova

Raws li lub tswvyim ntawm tus paub txog, es yooj yim reflex kev ua yog nyob rau hauv lub cortex thiab nyob rau hauv cov leeg nrob qaum nyob ruaj ruaj tsam. Complex dab xws li nco, hais lus, kev xav, txuam nrog rau tej qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm integrative zog ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws qhov chaw. Lub physiological thaj chaw ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam thiab ua rau cov tsim ntawm tus yooj yim kev ntawm ntau dua tshee ua si. Nyob rau hauv neuroscience, los ntawm ib tug anatomical taw tes ntawm view, qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system, muaj raws ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub afferent thiab efferent neurons uas lub npe hu ua lub paj chaw zov me nyuam. Lawv pom tau hais tias ib tug Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij P. K. Anohin tsim haumxeeb tshuab (lub koom haum neurons uas ua zoo xws li cov functions thiab uas muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system).

irradiation excitation

Ntxiv mus kawm yooj yim zog ntawm cov hlab chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nres hais tawm ntawm ob tug loj dab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub paj cov ntaub so ntswg - lub excitation thiab inhibition. Nws yog hu ua irradiation. Yog hais tias lub dag lub zog ntawm cov stimulus thiab lub sij hawm ntawm validity loj paj impulses diverge neurocytes-spikes, raws li zoo raws li neurons. Lawv muab cov afferent thiab efferent neurocytes, ua saab laaj ntawm reflex arcs.

Xav txog inhibition (raws li paj chaw zov me nyuam tej khoom ntiag tug) nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Reticular tsim ntawm lub paj hlwb muab ob irradiation thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam. Physiology piav yog vim li cas rau restricting los yog tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab excitation. Piv txwv li, muaj cov inhibitory synapses thiab neurocytes. Cov lug muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv zog, li no kom txhob muaj txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm overdriving ntawm skeletal leeg muaj peev xwm sawv tsiv mus nyob spasmodic mob.

Thaum pom tias cov irradiation teb, nws yog tsim nyog yuav tau nco qab cov nram qab no feature paj lam ua. Nws txav los ntawm centripetal rau centrifugal neuron (rau dvuhneyronnoy, reflex arc). Yog hais tias lub reflex yog ntau, lub hlwb los yog tus txha caj qaum interneurons raug tsim - intercalary paj hlwb. Lawv coj kev zoo siab ntawm afferent neurocyte thiab ces kis mus rau lub cev muaj zog paj hlwb. Nyob rau hauv synapses bioelectric unidirectional pulses raws li lawv tsiv los ntawm lub thawj presynaptic membrane ntawm ib tug hlab ntsha ntawm tes, hereinafter nyob rau hauv lub synaptic cleft, thiab los ntawm nws - nyob rau hauv lub postsynaptic membrane ntawm lwm neurocyte.

Summation ntawm paj impulses

Peb mus txuas ntxiv mus kawm rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam. Physiology loj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum khej, yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab complex ceg ntawm cov tshuaj, kawm conduction ntawm excitation los ntawm ib tug sau ntawm neurons uas ua ntau feature. Lawv lub zog - summation tej zaum yuav sab nqaij daim tawv los yog spatial. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si zaum, qhov kev tsis muaj zog paj impulses tshwm sim los ntawm subliminal stimuli ntxiv (summed). Qhov no ua rau cov tshaj tawm ntawm molecules ntawm acetylcholine los yog lwm neurotransmitter, uas generates qhov kev txiav txim tej zaum nyob rau hauv neurocytes.

transformation tus nqi

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog hais txog cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub excitation zaus, uas kis los ntawm tus ceg Cns neurons. Ntawm cov dab uas characterize thaj chaw ntawm paj chaw zov me nyuam - cov transformation nqi pulses uas tej zaum yuav tshwm sim vim lub tsev ntawm excitation rau ob peb neurons ntev dab uas tsim kev sib cuag qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug paj ntawm tes (transformation improver). Yog hais tias muaj yog ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv lub neuron txiav txim tej zaum raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm summation ntawm excitation postsynaptic tej zaum - tham txog tej lub transformation tus nqi.

Divergence thiab sib excitation

Lawv yog cov sib xyaw dab uas characterize lub thaj chaw ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam. Sib haum reflex kev ua si yog vim lub fact tias cov neuron ib txhij tau txais cov pulses los ntawm ntau yam analyzers receptors: nrig txog kev pom, olfactory thiab daim tawv nqaij-nqaij rhiab heev. Nyob rau hauv paj hlwb, lawv yuav ntsum xyuas thiab sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub bioelectric potentials. Cov neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, pauv mus rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb reticular tsim. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev yog hu ua convergence.

Txawm li cas los, txhua neuron tau txais impulses tsis tsuas yog los ntawm lwm lub hlwb, tiam sis kuj cov ntaub ntawv synapses nrog nyob sib ze neurocytes. Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm divergence. Ob zog muab cov kis ntawm excitation nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Yog li, lub totality ntawm lub paj ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum hlwb uas ua ntau zog - yog lub paj center, lub thaj chaw ntawm uas peb xav. Nws muab kev cai ntawm tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

tom qab ua si

Physiological thaj chaw ntawm paj chaw zov me nyuam, yog ib tus uas koom txawj, i.e. tsim ntawm ib tug tom qab hluav taws xob pulses neurons, piv txwv li, lub ntsws los yog digestive chaw, vim lub peculiarities ntawm kev teeb tsa nws tus kheej ntawm lub paj hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws tus kheej-tiam ntawm bioelectric kev ntawm excitation txawm nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm txaus stimuli. Nws yog vim divergence thiab convergence ntawm excitation, xam ua ntej lawm, neurocytes tau txais impulses los ntawm lub paj chaw ntawm tus pog postsynaptic Relations tib reticular tsim ntawm lub paj hlwb.

Txawj ua si tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm acetylcholine microdoses nkag mus rau lub neuron los ntawm cov synaptic cleft. Convergence, divergence, cov tom qab ua si, thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub paj chaw thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv nyob ntawm seb ncaj qha rau ntawm cov metabolism hauv theem nyob rau hauv neurocytes thiab nyob rau hauv glia.

Hom summation excitation

Lawv raug xam tias yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm I. M. Sechenova, uas muaj pov thawj hais tias reflex yuav ua rau ob peb tsis muaj zog (subliminal) stimuli, uas feem ntau txaus nyob ntawm lub paj center. Cov khoom ntawm nws lub hlwb, namely lub hauv paus nyem thiab occlusion, thiab yuav tsum yog los ntawm peb ntxiv lawm.

Nrog rau cov simultaneous stimulation ntawm lub centripetal dab lub teb ib yam li cov kev laij lej ntawm stimuli quab yuam sawv txhua tus ntawm cov fibers. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog lub npe hu ua lub hauv paus nyem. Yog hais tias qhov kev txiav txim pessimal irritants, tsis hais ntawm lawv lub zog thiab zaus, ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub teb - yog occlusion. Nws yog ib lub ntxeev ntawm lub summation ntawm lub excitation cuab yeej thiab thiaj li lub dag lub zog ntawm cov hlab impulses. Yog li, lub zog ntawm cov hlab chaw zov me nyuam - lub central nyem occlusion - nyob ntawm seb cov qauv ntawm cov synaptic apparatus muaj li ntawm ib tug pib (central) cheeb tsam thiab subthreshold (peripheral) ntug.

Nkees nkees ntawm lub paj hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nws lub luag hauj lwm

Lub physiology ntawm lub paj hlwb cov chaw, lub ntsiab txhais, hom thiab cov khoom twb kawm ua ntej lawm thiab ceg xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv neurons yuav tsis tiav yog hais tias peb tsis xav txog xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li qaug zog. Paj chaw yuam kom kis tau los ntawm nws tus kheej tas mus li series ntawm pulses, kev muab cov reflex thaj chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb hab txhawb system. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm khaus metabolic dab nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub neuron thiab glia nyob rau hauv, muaj ib tug cia hnab khib lom metabolic twj. Lub deterioration ntawm ntshav mov rau lub paj ceg kuj ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev ua vim tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov pa thiab piam thaj. Nws pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qaug zog ua paj chaw zov me nyuam kuj muab cell contacts - synapses uas sai txo qhov kev tso tawm ntawm neurotransmitters nyob rau hauv lub synaptic cleft.

Lub genesis ntawm lub paj chaw zov me nyuam

Ceg neurocytes positioned nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus poob siab system thiab muaj ib tug tswj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ntawm tus kab mob, yauv anatomical thiab physiological kev hloov. Lawv tau piav los ntawm qhov zuj zus complexity ntawm lub physiological thiab puas siab puas ntsws zog uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ib tug neeg lub neej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev hloov uas muaj feem xyuam rau muaj hnub nyoog txog nta ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb cov chaw, peb pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tej tseem ceeb dab li bipedalism, hais lus thiab kev xav uas txawv Homo sapiens los ntawm lwm yam mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj. Piv txwv li, hais lus tsim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub xyoo ntawm lub neej. Ua ib tug complex conglomerate ntawm conditioned reflexes, nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm stimuli ntaus nqi proprioceptors nqaij ntawm tus nplaig, daim di ncauj thiab vocal cords ntawm lub suab thiab cov pa nqaij. Los ntawm kawg ntawm peb lub xyoo ntawm ib tug me nyuam lub neej tag nrho lawv tuaj ua ke rau hauv ib txoj kev haumxeeb system, uas muaj xws li cov kaub puab av dag nyob rau hauv paus ntawm lub ua tsis tau zoo frontal gyrus. Nws tau raug hu ua Broca lub cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kev hais lus ua si yog muab kev koom tes thiab lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub superior sab nqaij daim tawv gyrus (Wernicke lub center). Lub excitement ntawm lub paj xaus ntawm qhov kev hais lus apparatus nkag mus rau hauv lub cev muaj zog, pom tau qhov sib thiab hnov chaw ntawm lub cerebral cortex, qhov twg nws tsim lub hais lus chaw zov me nyuam.