Carbon - qhov no ... carbon atoms. carbon Nyhav

Ib qho ntawm feem ceeb hais, uas muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib cov ntau ntau yam ntawm lub tebchaw ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic xwm, yog cov pa roj carbon. Nws yog li ntawd txawv txawv thaj chaw ntawm lub caij uas tseem Mendeleev kwv yees ib tug zoo yav tom ntej, tsis hais cov yam ntxwv qhia tawm tsis tau.

Tom qab ntawd nws twb paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv xyaum. Nws los ua lub npe hu hais tias nws - cov thawj biogenic caij ntawm peb ntiaj chaw, uas yog ib feem ntawm kiag li txhua beings. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas txawv radically nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects, tab sis txhaj tsuas muaj carbon atoms.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv no muaj ntau yam, nws yuav nrog lawv thiab yuav sim mus saib nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Carbon: lub mis thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub system ntsiab

Lub periodic system ntawm lub ntsiab carbon nyob rau hauv IV (raws li tus tshiab qauv 14) pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg. Nws serial tooj 6, thiab cov atomic luj ntawm 12,011. Npav caij kos npe rau C qhia nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Latin - carboneum. Muaj ntau ntau ntau yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj carbon tshwm sim. Cov mis yog nws li txawv thiab nyob ntawm cov kev kho.

Txawm li cas los, sau ib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug sawv cev rau cov kev, ntawm chav kawm. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, thaum nws yog ib yam khoom uas nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, coj cov pa roj carbon molecular mis C tsis muaj indexing.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm lub caij

Los ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov no caij tau paub txij li thaum lub feem ntau ancient lub sij hawm. Tom qab tag nrho, yog ib lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv cov xwm - nws yog thee. Yog li ntawd, rau qhov ancient Greeks, Loos thiab lwm yam haiv neeg secrets nws tsis yog.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov hom, kuj siv cov pob zeb diamond thiab graphite. Nrog rau lub xeem rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyuab teeb meem, raws li feem ntau tsis muaj cais nyob tus yeees ntawm cov graphite coj tebchaw xws li:

• nyiaj lead;
• hlau carbide;
• molybdenum sulfide.

Lawv yog hais tag nrho cov pleev xim rau cov dub thiab thiaj li raug xam tias yog mus graphite. Tom qab no to taub yuam kev yog clarified, thiab daim ntawv no ntawm cov pa roj carbon tau ua nws tus kheej.

Txij li thaum 1725 ib tug loj coj mus muag tus nqi ntawm kis diamonds, thiab nyob rau hauv 1970, mastered rau lub technology rau ua lawv artificially. Txij li thaum 1779, ua tsaug rau tus ua hauj lwm ntawm Karl Scheele, nais maum kuaj cov tshuaj zog, uas qhia tau hais tias cov pa roj carbon. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm ib tug series ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub caij, thiab ua lub hauv paus rau lub meej ntawm tag nrho nws cov cim nta.

Isotopes ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv qhov thiab muab faib rau

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub caij nyob rau hauv lo lus nug - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb as-ham, nws tag nrho cov loj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog 0.15%. Yog li ntawd nws tawm los ntawm lub fact tias nws yog raug tas mus li kev, lub ntuj lub voj voog ntawm cov xwm.

Nyob rau hauv general ntau tebchaw tej zaum yuav hais ib cov mineral xwm, nyob rau hauv uas muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li carbon. Cov no yog cov natural pob zeb, xws li:

• Dolomites thiab limestones;
• Anthracite;
• shale roj;
• natural gas;
• thee;
• roj;
• lignite ;
• peat;
• bitumen.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub neej tej yam uas yog tsuas yog ib tug repository ntawm cov pa roj carbon tebchaw. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog tsim nyob los ntawm cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, thiab li tus mas tseem ceeb heev yam ntxwv qauv. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm ntshiv cev huab hwm coj ntawm 70 kg 15 ntog rau ib tug dawb huv caij. Thiab yog li ntawd txhua leej txhua tus, tsis yog rau mention cov tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag thiab lwm yam creatures.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cua thiab dej, uas yog, hydrosphere, thiab cua raws li ib tug tag nrho, muaj yog tam sim no ib tug sib tov ntawm cov pa roj carbon-pa, qhia los ntawm cov mis CO _2. Dioxide los yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide - ib qhov tseem ceeb gases, huab cua povntawv. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no rau hauv lub loj feem ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntawm 0,046%. Ntau yaj carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv qhov dej ntawm tus dej hiav txwv.

Lub atomic loj ntawm cov pa roj carbon li ib tug keeb yog 12,011. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias qhov no tus nqi yog xam raws li lub xam phem ntawm lub atomic tes taw hnyav li ntawm tag nrho cov lawm tab isotope ntau ntau yam, muab lawv loj heev (feem pua). Yog li ntawd nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Muaj peb lub ntsiab isotope, uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Lawv yog:

• ¹² C - nws loj feem nyob rau hauv feem coob ntawm cov 98,93%;
• ¹³ C - 1,07%;
• ¹⁴ C - ib tug neeg ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 5700 xyoo, ib tug ruaj khov beta-emitter.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev xyaum ntawm kev txiav txim geochronological uas muaj hnub nyoog nrws kheev siv tej isotope ¹⁴ C, uas yog ib qho taw qhia, vim hais tias ntawm nws ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lwj.

Allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm lub caij

Carbon - yog lub caij uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb cov ntaub ntawv. Hais tias yog, nws yog tau daim ntawv qhov loj tshaj plaws paub rau hnub tim lub xov tooj ntawm allotropic kho.

1. Crystal variation - muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug khoom qauv nrog ib tug tsis tu ncua lattice ntawm atomic hom. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li xws ntau ntau yam raws li:

• diamonds;
• fullerenes;
• graphites;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• carbon fibers thiab hlab.

Tag nrho cov sib txawv crystalline lattice qauv, nyob rau hauv uas ntshav - carbon atom. Li no, ib tug kiag li cim, tsis zoo sib xws zog, ob lub cev thiab tshuaj.

2. Amorphous ntaub ntawv - cov ntaub ntawv uas cov pa roj carbon atom nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tej yam ntuj tebchaw. Hais tias yog, nws tsis yog pure ntau ntau yam, thiab nrog impurities ntawm lwm yam hais nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li:

• tshuab txais carbon;
• pob zeb thiab ntoo;
• dub;
• Carbon Nanofoam;
• Anthracite;
• glassy;
• Kev qib material.

Lawv kuj muab nta ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv ntawm dab thiab tshaaj zog.

3. Lub tebchaw ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pawg ua ke. Xws li ib tug qauv, nyob rau hauv uas atoms raug kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb hollow hauv conformation, yog lawm ua tus sau nrog dej los yog nuclei ntawm lwm yam hais. piv txwv:

• carbon nanocone;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm amorphous carbon

Vim lub ntau yam ntawm allotropic hloov faib ib co general lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon yog ib qhov nyuaj. Yooj yim los tham txog ib txog kev daim ntawv. Piv txwv li, lub amorphous carbon muaj cov nram qab yam ntxwv.

1. Hauv plawv ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub - zoo-grained ntawm ntau yam graphite.
2. High kub muaj peev xwm.
3. Zoo xyuas pib zog.
4. Carbon ceev ntawm txog 2 g / cm ^3.
5. Thaum rhuab saum toj no 1600 ⁰ C, txoj kev hloov mus rau hauv graphite molds.

Soot, hluav ncaig thiab pob zeb ntau ntau yam yog lug siv rau industrial hom phiaj. Lawv tsis yog ib tug manifestation ntawm cov kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, tab sis muaj nws nyob rau hauv loj heev ntau.

crystalline carbon

Muaj ob peb txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas ib tug carbon - tshuaj txoj kev tu ncua muaju ntawm ntau hom, nyob rau hauv uas lub atoms yog kev cob cog rua sequentially. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov uas muaj qhov nram qab no hloov.

1. Pob zeb diamond. Qauv - nyhav, uas yog kev cob cog rua rau plaub tetrahedrons. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, covalent tshuaj bonds txhua atom ntawm ntau saturation thiab muaj zog. No qhia txog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon ceev ntawm 3300 kg / m ^3. High hardness, tsis tshua muaj kev kub, tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity - tag nrho cov no yog ib tug ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv. Muaj technically ua diamonds. Tsim nyob rau txoj kev hloov ntawm graphite nyob rau hauv cov nram no cov kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kub thiab ib tug tej yam siab. Nyob rau hauv kev, pob zeb diamond melting kub yog raws li high school raws li lub dag lub zog - txog 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Graphite. Lub atoms cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm cov yav tas los tshuaj, tab sis saturation tshwm sim tsuas yog peb mus, thiab plaub yuav ntev thiab tsawg check, nws txuas lub "khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg" hexagonal lattice rings. Cov yog hais tias tus graphite - qhov muag, greasy qhov kov cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv dub. Nws muaj zoo hluav taws xob conductivity thiab muaj ib tug high melting kub - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated los ntawm khoom rau gaseous lub xeev, bypassing cov kua (nyob rau hauv kub ntawm 3700 ⁰ C). Carbon Ceev - 2,26 g / ^cm3, uas yog tsawg tshaj li uas ntawm cov pob zeb diamond. Qhov no tso nyiaj rau lawv sib txawv zog. Vim lub layered qauv ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, nws yog ua tau rau kev siv graphite rau siab slate cwj mem qhuav nyob rau hauv mem hluav. Thaum peb qhia rau ntawm daim ntawv plaub ya ri peeled tawm thiab sab laug rau ntawm daim ntawv txoj kev taug ntawm dub.
3. Fullerenes. Nws yog qhib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug kev hloov kho, nyob rau hauv uas lub carbons sib thooj, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kaw convex qauv muaj ib tug hollow chaw. Thiab qhov zoo ntawm tus siv lead ua - ib tug polyhedron, qhov tseeb lub koom haum. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov atoms yog txawm. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov fullerene C _60. Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb:

• meteorites;
• sediments;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• qhov chaw uas cov pa roj uas muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv no.

Tag nrho cov ntau ntau yam ntawm crystalline carbon yog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb, txij li thaum lawv muaj ib tug xov tooj uas pab tau cov khoom nyob rau hauv kos duab.

reactivity

Molecular carbon muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj reactivity vim nws ruaj khov configuration. Ua nws hnov mob, koj muaj peev xwm tsuas qhia atom ntxiv zog thiab yuam cov electrons cov txheej txheej rau zog. Thaum no tus taw tes nws yuav sib npaug zos rau cov valence ntawm 4. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov kev sib txuas nws muaj ib tug oxidation lub xeev ntawm + 2, + 4 - 4.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj uas yooj yim tshuaj xws li co thiab uas tsis yog-hlau, nqa mus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tus ntawm siab kub. Saib lub caij yuav yuav ob oxidizing neeg sawv cev thiab ib tug txo neeg sawv cev. Txawm li cas los, lub tom kawg zog yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho nyuaj rau nws, Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov no ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub hlau thiab lwm yam lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub peev xwm mus nkag rau hauv tshuaj sis nyob ntawm peb yam tseem ceeb:

• carbon dispersion;
• allotropic hloov;
• cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nws ua num ua ke nrog cov nram qab no yam:

• nonmetals (hydrogen, oxygen);
• co (txhuas, hlau, poov hlau, thiab lwm yam);
• hlau oxides thiab lawv cov ntsev.

Nrog acids thiab alkalis tsis hnov mob nrog halogens yog tsis tshua muaj heev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thaj chaw ntawm carbon - lub peev xwm los tsim ntev chains nrog txhua lwm yam. Lawv yuav yuav kaw rau hauv ib lub voj zoo branching. Txij li thaum lub tsim ntawm cov organic tebchaw, uas niaj hnub no tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub tsheej lab. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov tebchaw ob ntsiab - carbon, hydrogen. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub yuav muaj xws li lwm yam atoms ntawm oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, phosphorus, co, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Basic tebchaw thiab lawv characterization

Muaj ntau ntau txawv tebchaw nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj xws li carbon. Formula nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov - CO ₂ - carbon dioxide. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd oxide, muaj CO - monoxide los yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nedooksid C ₃ O _2.

Ntawm cov ntsev, uas muaj xws li no lub caij, feem ntau yog calcium thiab magnesium carbonates. Yog li calcium carbonate muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv nyob rau hauv lub npe, raws li yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv:

• chalk;
• marble;
• limestone;
• dolomite.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb hlau carbonates manifested nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lawv yog active koom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm stalactites thiab stalagmites, raws li zoo raws li hauv qab av.

Carbonic acid - lwm compound uas ntaub ntawv ib tug carbon. Nws mis - H ₂ CO _3. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov pa daim ntawv no, nws yog tsis tshua muaj tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab tam sim ntawd nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj decomposes rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog lub npe hu ntsev ntawd, tab sis nws tsis yog nws tus kheej, raws li ib tug tshuaj.

Halides carbon - ua mas nyob rau hauv ib tug indirect txoj kev, raws li qhov ncaj synthesis yog tsuas yog nyob rau heev high kub thiab tsawg tawm los. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau - CCL ₄ - carbon tetrachloride. Ib tug tshuaj lom compound uas yuav ua rau lom los ntawm nqus tau pa. Tau los ntawm radical photochemical tshua ntawm hloov chaw ntawm cov hydrogen atoms nyob rau hauv methane.

Hlau carbides - tebchaw ntawm carbon, nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj ib tug oxidation xeev 4. Nws yog tseem tau mus muaj koom haum ua teb nrog boron thiab silicon. Lub ntsiab khoom teejtug uas yog ib co hlau carbides (txhuas, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum, hafnium) - ib tug siab zog thiab zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity. Boron carbide B ₄ C - ib qho ntawm cov khoom tom qab pob zeb diamond (9.5 Mohs). Cov tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv engineering, li zoo raws li lub tshuaj kev lag luam raws li qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons (calcium carbide nrog dej ua rau cov tsim ntawm acetylene thiab calcium hydroxide).

Muaj ntau hlau alloys yog ua siv carbon, ho yog li ua lawv zoo thiab kev yam ntxwv (steel - ib tug hlau hlau thiab carbon).

Cov xim, heev heev organic sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog - ib tug yuav tsum muaj lub caij uas yuav connect mus rau tib atoms nyob rau hauv lub saw ntawm txawv lug. Cov muaj xws li:

• alkanes;
• alkenes;
• arena;
• proteins;
• carbohydrates;
• nucleic acids;
• alcohols;
• carboxylic acid thiab ntau lwm cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj.

Cov kev siv ntawm cov pa roj carbon

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon tebchaw thiab nws allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm tib neeg lub neej yog heev. Koj muaj peev xwm hu rau ib co ntawm cov feem ntau lub ntiaj teb no industries, ua rau nws paub tseeb hais tias qhov no yog muaj tseeb tiag.

1. Qhov no lub caij ntaub ntawv tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov pob txha fuels uas ib tug neeg tau txais lub zog.
2. Metallurgical kev lag luam siv cov pa roj carbon raws li ib tug muaj zog txo neeg sawv cev yuav tsim co ntawm lawv lub tebchaw. Muaj lug siv carbonates.
3. Siv cov kev faib thiab tshuaj kev lag luam haus ib great nqi ntawm cov pa roj carbon tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm cov tshiab tshuaj thiab kom tau qhov yuav tsum tau cov khoom.

Tsis tas li ntawd muaj xws li xws sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, xws li:

• nuclear kev lag luam;
• hniav nyiaj hniav kub siab;
• khoom (lubrication, high-kub crucibles, cwj mem qhuav, thiab lwm yam);
• kev txiav txim ntawm geological muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov pob zeb - tej taug qab ¹⁴ C;
• carbon - zoo adsorbent uas yuav siv tau rau lim raug.

Voj voog nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Cov pawg ntawm cov pa roj carbon tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib qhov kev voj voog, uas yog ua cyclically txhua txhua ob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Yog li, atmospheric carbon qhov chaw - CO ₂ yog absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tag nrho cov lwm yam nyob beings yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm respiration. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub ntuj kaaj quas lug, nws yog dua absorbed, thiab thiaj li cov kev voj voog ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, extinction ntawm cov organic seem ua rau qhov kev tso tawm thiab txuam nrog cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv lub hauv av, nyob qhov twg nws mam li rov absorbed los ntawm nyob kab mob, thiab tawm mus rau hauv lub ntuj kaaj quas lug raws li ib tug roj.