Lignin - yog dab tsi? Lignin hydrolysis. Daim ntawv thov ntawm hydrolytic lignin zog

Lignin - yog dab tsi? Tsis yog txhua tus yuav tsum tau los teb lo lus nug no, tiam sis peb yuav sim kom to taub. Lignin - ib yam khoom uas yog ib feem ntawm kiag li rau tag nrho cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau hais raws li pab tau yam xws li cellulose thiab hemicellulose.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lignin - yog los xyuas kom meej meej mom ntawm cov hlab phab ntsa, uas txav dej thiab yaj muab kev pab cuam. Lignin thiab cellulose yog ua ke nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa, kom lawv lub zog. Tsis yog txhua txhua cov nroj tsuag muaj cov nyiaj tib lub compound. Feem ntau ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv conifers, hais txog 40%, tab sis nyob rau hauv deciduous - tsuas yog 25%.

Cov khoom ntawm lignin

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib tug natural polymer tsaus daj. Nws yog suab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab organic kuab tshuaj. Lignin - dab tsi yog nws nrog cov qauv taw tes ntawm view? Ib tug meej lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav tsis ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias, ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav tsum tshuam txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv.

Thaum decomposition ntawm lignin yog tsim as nplua nuj humus, uas plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Ua ntawm lub lignin nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tau ib pab tub rog ntawm cov kab mob, fungi thiab ib co kab.

Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog hais tias nws tsis yog tsim nyog los tsim los yog muab tau. Yog, nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua, lignin yog li ntawd nrees txuam nrog cov nroj tsuag hlwb, hais tias nws dag sib cais yog ib tug complex txheej txheem.

Lub lignin, zus tau tej cov uas yog nqa tawm mus rau hnub tim, tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li tib yam pov tseg nyob rau hauv sis plawv hniav ua. Ib tug loj loj ntawm nws ploj lawm, tab sis tsub kom reactivity.

Txoj kev ntawm cais lignin

Tus txheej txheem ntawm extracting cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw los ntawm cov cav ntoo yog nqa tawm nrog txawv hom phiaj:

• txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm teeb meem;
• txiav txim rau qhov nyiaj ntawm lignin nyob rau hauv ntau yam nroj tsuag.

Txoj kev ntawm extraction neeg sawv cev raug xaiv nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj ntawm nws txoj kev siv. Yog hais tias ntxiv ua hauj lwm yog tau kawm, txoj kev ntawm kev rho tawm muaj tsawg kawg yog tau tej yam rau cov qauv thiab cov tsis zoo ntawm lignin. Txawm hais tias muaj yog zoo tsis muaj xws txoj kev uas yuav tau lees tias tau muab lub qhov substance unchanged.

Tom qab sib cais ntawm lignin muaj ob peb impurities:

• extractives rau hydrolysis muab insoluble tebchaw;
• humification khoom uas muaj suab thaj;
• trudnogidrolizuemyh sib tov ntawm polysaccharides.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws tsim tej yam kev mob rau lub rho tawm ntawm lignin yog cov nyob rau hauv uas ib tug loj tshaj npaum li cas ntawm substance. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub lignin yog tau zoo free ntawm impurities, thiab pom nws me me losses.

Feem ntau txoj kev yog hais tias yuav sulfuric acid, tab sis solyanokislotny siv ntau tsawg zaus vim hais tias ntawm tus txaav ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug concentrated acid.

ntawm ntau yam lignin

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lignin yog lub muaj zus tau tej cov cellulose. Nyob rau hauv sib txawv nroj tsuag no muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau ntau yam lawm technologies thiab yog li ntawd lignin tau li, nws muaj tsis zoo tib zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub qhuav txheej txheem los yog alkali sulfate lignin sulphates tau nyob zus tau tej cov acids - sulfite.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov hom ntawm txhua lwm yam, tsis tsuas muaj pes tsawg leeg tab sis kuj cov qauv ntawm cov pov tseg. Sulphate lignin yog incinerated, thiab sulphite xa mus rau cia nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb chaw cia.

Nyob rau hydrolysis qhauj yog lignin hydrolysis.

Properties hydrolytic lignin

Qhov no powdery tshuaj nrog ib tug ntom ntawm 1,45 g / cm³. Nws xim txawv los ntawm lub teeb beige rau ntau cov chaw ntxoov xim av. Lub lignin cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tej khoom tej zaum yuav yog los ntawm 40 mus rau 80%.

Hydrolytic lignin muaj tshuaj lom zog thiab muaj peev xwm rau adsorption, qhov no yog raws li nyob rau hauv nws cov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Yog hais tias koj tsuag tshuaj ib yam khoom uas thaum qhuav ua ib tug roj, tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug uas yuav ntawm tawg. Qhuav lignin thaum lub sij hawm combustion emits loj nyiaj ntawm tshav kub yog txaus. nws tiv cav tseb kub yog 195 degrees thiab cov hniav lwj pib thaum ib tug kub ntawm 185 ° C.

Qhuav lignin npaj

Lignin los ntawm ntoo cais nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau txais thiab ces nws cov tshuaj rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb. Xav txog lignin rov qab theem:

• chopping ntoo chips mus rau lub xeev, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, lub hmoov;
• kev kho mob ntawm tus cawv-toluene sib tov kom tau tshem ntawm cov extractives;
• kev siv cov acid catalysts, uas tiv thaiv tau tso cai ntawm lub lignin nyob rau hauv ib tug soluble lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsim txoj kev, ib co ntawm cov soluble ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tebchaw, uas precipitated, lim thiab qhuav, uas ib tug hmoov.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm hydrolytic lignin

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog heev yooj yim mus nqa vim nws complex xwm thiab khov, nws yog ua tau rau sau qhov sib txawv sectors qhov twg lub lignin siv. Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj cov nram qab no:

• zus tau tej cov roj briquettes;
• raws li ib tug boiler roj;
• ntau lawm kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj rau tej co thiab silicon;
• muab tub lim nyob rau hauv lub yas kev lag luam;
• Qhuav ntawm roj gas;
• manufacture ntawm chiv;
• zus tau tej cov herbicides;
• raws li raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov phenol, acetic acid;
• zus tau tej cov tshuab txais carbon;
• raws li ib tug sorbent rau cov kev kho mob ntawm nroog thiab muaj effluents;
• zus tau tej cov tshuaj;
• zus tau tej cov bricks thiab tej hub khoom.

Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev nce rau hauv kev thov rau lignin

Lignin hydrolysis yog ib qho zoo heev roj uas, raws li qhov combustion, ua ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, raw cov ntaub ntawv uas rau zus tau tej cov no lub zog pab yog heev mus siv cuag thiab txuas ntxiv dua mus.

Tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tab sis ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tam sim no tshuaj pleev qhov teeb meem ntawm lwm lub zog qhov chaw. Ua li no, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm yog vim li cas, cov uas peb yuav sau cov nram qab no:

1. Ntuj zog muaj - thee, roj thiab cov nkev thov rau nws cov siv ntau txoj kev them nqi. Qhov no yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau lub lossi kom lawv muaj nuj nqis.
2. Zog qhov chaw uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev siv, yog exhaustible natural resources, thiaj li muaj yuav tuaj ib lub sij hawm thaum khoom siv yog ze li ntawm siv li.
3. Qhuav ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub zog yog tsa los ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws.

Lignin li roj

Raws li ntawm niaj hnub no, ntau thiab ntau ntau npaum li ib txoj kev roj siv lignin. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas nws zoo li cas?

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog sawdust nrog ib tug dej cov ntsiab lus ntawm mus txog rau 70%, uas sib txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub raw khoom. Lawv cov qauv yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau hluav ncaig, uas kuj muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob me me pores. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no pub rau las nws briquetting thiab pelletizing. Yog hais tias lub high-siab ua hauj lwm rau xws li ib tug khoom qab zib, nws dhau mus ua ib tug khov yas loj.

Lub pellets ua los ntawm xws lignin, muaj siab kub dissipation, tab sis nws tsis ua npaum li cas pa luam yeeb. Roj briquettes thiab pellets yog high-quality khoom, uas Burns ib tug ntau ntawm tshav kub, thiab zoo tsis muaj hmoov quav. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias tus lignin yog ib qho zoo heev raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov roj briquettes.

Kev siv cov lignin nyob rau hauv cov hmoov daim ntawv

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv cov hmoov xeev pom nws siv li ib tug additive nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm asphalt qhob. Kev siv cov hydrolyzed lignin tso cai rau koj mus rau:

• kom lub dag lub zog, dej kuj thiab kuj mus ntes;
• txuag txoj kev-lub tsev ntaub ntawv;
• ho txhim kho lub ecological teeb meem no nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob qhov twg pov tseg yog muab;
• restore fertility ntawm cov pawg neeg thaj av, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tuaj.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev sector sufficiently muaj txiaj ntsim rau siv lignin. Nws cov khoom muaj xws li hais tias nws tso cai rau koj mus ho txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv uas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lignin muab lub sij hawm los mus hloov kim additives.

lignin derivatives

Derivatives ntawm lub substance yog lignosulfonates, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov sulfite txoj ntoo ua. Lignosulfonates muaj siab ua si, enabling lawv mus nrhiav tau lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries:

• roj kev lag luam (hloov kho thaj chaw ntawm drilling muds) ;
• Foundry (kuj yog ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub mixtures);
• zus tau tej cov pob zeb;
• siv kev lag luam (raws li emulsifiers nyob rau hauv lub emulsions ntawm txoj kev);
• raw khoom rau qhov kev npaj ntawm vanillin;
• ua liaj ua teb (tillage los mus tiv thaiv yaig).

Sulphate lignin muaj ib tug high ntom, thiab tshuaj kuj. Nyob rau hauv lub qhuav rau lub xeev - ib tug xim av hmoov uas yaj nyob rau hauv ammonia, alkali, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

Lub sulphate lignin yog tsis lom, tsis txaus ntshai thiab yog tsuag los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm cov hluav taws teeb meem. Nws yog siv:

• raws li ib tug plasticizer nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua tej hub khoom, pob zeb ua;
• raws li raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov yas thiab phenol-formaldehyde resins;
• raws li ib tug txuas rau qhov siv thiab ua paperboard, daim ntawv thiab ntoo-raws li ntaub ntawv;
• raws li ib tug additive nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua roj hmab thiab cov yas latex.

Nws tam sim no yuav ntshiab ua li cas lug siv lignin. Yuav ua li cas yog nws tam sim no tsis muaj ib tug tsis ua teeb meem, vim vim nws zoo ntawm no substance yog heev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Tshuaj raws li lignin

Raws li peb tau pom, cov kev siv ntawm hydrolyzed lignin thiab tejzaum nws nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob teb. Koj muaj peev xwm sau rau nram qab no cov tshuaj raws li rau nws:

• "Lignosorb" yog qhia rau cov kab mob ntawm tus mob huam, khoom noj khoom haus lom;
• "Polifan" muaj cov tib pom zoo txog daim ntawv thov;
• "Polyphepan" theem nyem rau raws plab thiab dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum-STI";
• "Entegnin".

Txoj kev siv "Polyphepan"

Lwm lub npe rau qhov no npaj - lignin hydrolysis. Nws yuav ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm granules, ncua, hmoov, thiab tshuaj. Herbal tshuaj, nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lignin. Cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov hais tias cov tshuaj yog zoo muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm losis tswvyim dabtsi kab mob thiab lawv cov metabolic khoom.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj detoxified tej yam tshuaj lom ntawm cov xwm sib txawv: heavy co, tej isotopes, ammonia. Lignin yog hydrolytic detoxification ntawm kab, raws li zoo raws li muab antioxidant thiab lipid tej nyhuv.

Ntawm no yog ib tug ntev daim ntawv teev cov tau yog lignin! Instruction kuj qhia tias noj cov tshuaj no, koj muaj peev xwm txawm peem rau qhov tsis muaj kev noj haus fiber nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, uas yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev zom, normalize microflora thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv.

Indications rau kev txais neeg kawm "Polyphepan" yog:

• mob los yog mob hnyuv kab mob;
• khoom noj khoom haus lom;
• raws plab;
• kab kab mob siab;
• cholera;
• plab hnyuv dysbiosis;
• salmonellosis;
• mob plab;
• kev tsis haum tshuaj;
• mob ntawm roj metabolism hauv lub cev;
• rov qab lub sij hawm tom qab cov kws khomob los yog tawg;
• gynecological cov teeb meem: Candidiasis, vaginosis.

Ib tug es nws kim heev daim ntawv teev cov indications muaj xws li ib tug yeeb tshuaj, raws li lignin. Cov lus qhia kuj sau ntawv ib co contraindications:

• Npau taws me ntsis mus rau yeeb tshuaj;
• mob cem quav;
• gastritis;
• mob ntshav qab zib.

Thaum lub sij hawm txais tos lignin tshwm sim muaj tshwm sim: ib tug tsis haum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog cem quav.

Txoj kev rau kev thov tshuaj thiab nws cov tshuaj yog muab tus kws kho mob nyob rau hauv lub complexity ntawm tus mob thiab mob. Feem ntau cov tshuaj kom tsawg ntawm lignin thaum lub sij hawm lub lim tiam, tab sis nrog ib co teeb meem ntawm qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev kho yuav muab ntau zog txog li ib hlis.

Ecology thiab lignin

Qhov no tshuaj yog ua nyob rau hauv loj nyiaj nyob rau hauv sis plawv hniav ua. Nws yog daim ntau quav tso nyob rau hauv loj pawg, uas ua rau kom muaj kuab paug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj mob ntawm txawj combustion ntawm lignin.

Rau hnub tim, nws yog ib qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv raws li roj, txij li thaum tom qab nws combustion ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm pov tseg, uas ua kev puas tsuaj mus rau qhov. Lignin pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau industries, yog li thawj ntawm tag nrho cov nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus daws cov teeb meem ntawm ecological kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov ib puag ncig.