Lub architectural complex "Kyiv fortress"

"Kyiv Fortress" - ib tug complex ntawm tej chaw tiv thaiv ntawm lub Ukrainian capital, tsim los rau kaum tsib centuries. Nws muaj xws li: lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm ob ntiaj teb rog keeb kwm, cov nroj tsuag "Arsenal", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, thiab ib tug tswv tsev ntawm defensive phab ntsa thiab ntoo Kiev.

Lub cim monument

Nws yog lub teb chaws xwb monument rau lub fortification thiab ib tug ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus loj tshaj plaws earthen forts uas tau dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub qhov twg lub Kiev fortress. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm tsev kho mob Street, 24a.

Muaj tas li siv tshiab archaeological lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus thiab Scythian lub sij hawm. Thaum lub sij hawm cov hnub caiv nyob rau hauv lub complex Kyiv fortress (yees duab hauv qab no) phom salute thiab tsa tus chij. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub chav tsev, uas muaj tsis muaj sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv nws cov acoustic zog, suab paj nruas thiab txawj yav tsaus ntuj.

Cov fortress ntawm Kievan Rus: ib ob peb cov lus tseeb ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm

Keeb kwm strengthening pib nyob rau hauv lub lig thib 5 xyoo pua rau lub fort, nyob rau lub qub Kiev Hill. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws twb tam los ntawm palisades, Moats thiab ramparts. Tab sis tom qab Kiev los ua lub peev ntawm Kievan Rus, lub nroog pib los tsim ib tug system ntawm chaw tiv thaiv. Tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub nroog tau txais nws tus kheej kws muaj txuj ci. Nyob rau hauv 1240, tom qab lub yeej, tau los ntawm Batu Khan, Dilapidated tiv thaiv. Lawv lub tshiab rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob pib thaum lub sij hawm lub Polish-Lithuanian dominion, thaum tsa ib tug fortress (Lithuanian tsev fuabtais) nyob rau Horevitsa roob. Thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab xeev muaj cai nyob rau hauv Kiev tau ua chaw tiv thaiv ntawm Pechersk rau Khreshchatyk. Nyob rau hauv 1679 Cossack troops coj los Samoilovych muab Crypt Starokievsky thiab strengthening, yog li tsim ib qho loj loj fortress. Pechersk citadel nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua tau siab tsim.

lub complex

Kiev fortress, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Pechersk toj, muaj xws li peb lub ntsiab Cheebtsam kws muaj txuj ci: Lub tsev kho mob thiab Vasilkovskoe strengthening, raws li zoo raws li lub citadel. Cov kev siv ntawm lub fortress, uas pib nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua, nws yog vim lub fact tias lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws twb npaj rau lub Great Northern ua tsov ua rog. Ntxiv Kiev qhia raws li lub ntsiab xaiv yaam taw tes. Nyob rau hauv 1706 nws los txog rau lub nroog, Peter kuv, thiab pom ib qho chaw rau cov tshiab chaw tiv thaiv. Cov tsim qhov chaw muab ib ncig ntawm lub Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub huab tais yog lub official inception ntawm cov thawj pob zeb ntawm lub fortress, uas nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav tsum yog ib tug bastion ntawm lub Kiev fortress. Thiab nyob rau lub caij tam sim nyob rau hauv Kyiv fortress complex chaw nyob yog yooj yim heev rau tourists.

Lub monastery raws li ib tug xaiv yaam khoom vaj khoom tsev

Kiev-Pechersk monastery, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntxiv dag zog rau Crypt, twb tsis tau xaiv los ntawm lub caij nyoog. Nws yog los ntawm thaum pib ntawm nws lub neej muaj robust yees thiab defensive phab ntsa. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm nws yog lub npe hu hais tias twb nyob rau hauv lub 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua eleventh, lub monastery twb ncig los ntawm ib tug palisade. Nyob rau hauv lub kaum ob xyoo pua palisade twb hloov los ntawm ib lub pob zeb phab ntsa, uas nyob rau hauv 1240 tau muab los ntawm lub Mongols. Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua lub monastery laj kab twb tseem ua los ntawm cov ntoo. Nws tsis tseg fortified ramparts. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1679 cov tub rog ntawm Hetman Ivan Samoilovych ib ncig ntawm lub monastery tsa embankments. Nees nkaum xyoo tom qab, tus monastery muaj kev tiv thaiv cov heev phab ntsa nrog ob peb nkag rooj vag thiab tsib yees, raws li zoo raws li nrog tshwj xeeb rooj vag lub koom txoos. Rau hnub tim, peb dim Ivan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, sab qab teb thiab painting tus pej thuam. Nruab nrog loopholes Bunk yees nyob rau hauv dej ntawm cov phab ntsa. Kws muaj txuj ci pob zeb phab ntsa, tom qab uas hais txog 3 meters tuab, muaj ib tug qhov siab ntawm txog xya meters thiab muaj cai martial qhov nyob rau lug has lug hab. Lawv nyob rau hauv tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov arcades.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub monastery nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub fortress

Li ntawd, cov monastery rau hauv lub hauv paus lub sij hawm Pechersk fortress yog txaus txhim khu kev qha kws muaj txuj ci. Siv cov kev faib bastion hom earthen fortress tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1723 Nws yog ib tug strengthening nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug yeej system ntawm chaw tiv thaiv. Nws muaj xws li 9 bastions, ib tug polubastion Ravelin, yuav kub hnyiab tau los yog lwm yam khoom. Raws li qhov yuav tau kev hem thawj ntawm txawv teb chaws pab, tsev fuabtais lossi demanded lub txij nkawm ntawm txij nkawm kom zoo, raws li tau zoo raws li nws cov Modernization thiab restructuring. Nyob rau hauv lub fifties ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub fortress siv ua hauj lwm sau Bosquet, ib tug tub rog kws ua choj. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub bastions tau txais nws tam sim no lub npe: Spassky, Pavlovsky, Assumption, Petrovsky, Semyonov, St. Andrew. Kom txog thaum lub thaum ntxov thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub fortress tshaj qhib chaw tiv thaiv, ob peb lwm tseem ceeb heev vaj tse tau ua, xws li Moscow thiab Vasilkovsky rooj vag, Arsenal tsev, hmoov magazine, formulations barracks. Muab cov kev kho nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm riam phom, nrog rau ib qho kev nce rau hauv tus muaj ntau yam ntawm ib tug cannon, ua tau earthen Zverinetsky Opperman strengthening ntawm lub tswv yim, ib tug tub rog kws ua choj. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 uas los tiv thaiv Pechersk fortress.

Siv cov kev faib tshiab chaw ntawm lub fortress

Kiev tsis tau poob nws cov tub rog thiab xaiv yaam nqi, txawm tom qab tsov rog. Nyob rau hauv thaum xyoo 1830, lub hom phiaj twb pom zoo los ntawm tus tshiab fortress, uas tau raug tsim Oppermann. Raws li peb tes num envisaged qhov kev siv ntawm tsev kho mob thiab Vassilkovsky tiv thaiv. Nws kuj npaj yuav hloov Pechersk citadel muaj nyob rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho system ntawm chaw tiv thaiv. Thiab mus txog rau thaum tam sim no, Kyiv fortress (duab yuav tau saib nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) muaj ib tug zoo nyob rau hauv cov khoom.

Kiev pib tsim kho ntawm lub fortress nyob rau hauv 1831, tom qab lub founding ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua Vassilkovsky ntxiv dag zog, thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho nws twb nyob hauv 1863. Nws muaj Ravelin nrog guardhouse, embankments, raws li zoo raws li peb cov yees. Cherepanov roob strengthening lub tsev kho mob twb ua nyob rau hauv 1842-1849 xyoo. Nws muaj xws li 3 guardhouse, nyob rau hauv lub kwj deg, embankments, oblique caponier, sab qaum teb caponier ib tug me me choj, lub tsev kho mob thiab ntau lwm yam vaj tse. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob ze ntawm lub kwj Klovsky ntau lawm kev cob qhia tau ua ob yees, rooj vag Nikolaev thiab ib ncig ntawm lub Far thiab nyob ze rau ntawm lub qhov tsua tau tsim los ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus phab ntsa.

Fortified architectural complex "Kyiv fortress", uas tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, muaj ntawm tsev kho mob thiab Vassilkovsky tiv thaiv Pechersk citadel excavation Zverynets tiv thaiv. Tab sis raws li nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm heev kom nquag plias nyob rau hauv kev tsim ib rab phom, nws yog lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev tsim tsis tau raws li twb niaj hnub tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau. Nyob rau hauv 1871-1877 xyoo yuav tsum tau mus hloov lub chaw tiv thaiv ua rau tebchaws ib fortress rau hauv lub toj.

Raws li, qhov Kyiv Fortress raws li ib tug lub ntsiab fortification complex, ua ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm ib xyoo pua. Qhov xwm zoo yog hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov vaj tse tau raug fwm rau tam sim no lub sij hawm.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov complex "Kyiv fortress" nrog lub sij hawm poob nws thawj zaug xaiv yaam tseem ceeb, ib tug lossis loj npaum li kws muaj txuj ci 4 thaum lub sij hawm lub creation ntawm fortified lug twb tau ciaj sia mus txog rau thaum tam sim no.

Lub ntsiab lus fort nyob rau hauv dab neeg Kiev

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ib feem ntawm lub Kiev fortress ambiguous. Yuav luag 70 xyoo ntawm creation ntawm ib tug tub rog fortified camp hauv Pechersk yuav ncua lub civil tsim kho ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Ntxiv mus, nws siv yog ncaj qha mus txog rau lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob vodogona, cib factories, tsim boom (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) thiab cobbled kev, lub embankment ntawm txoj kev loj, cov thawj tas mus li choj hla lub Dnieper. Qhuav txawj ARSENALNY fortress yog cov embryo ntawm "Arsenal" nroj tsuag. Rau hnub tim, lub complex ntawm vaj tse ntawm cov fortress yog xav tau ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej txog keeb kwm ntawm fortification, uas qhia tau hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv lub sij hawm rifled thiab smoothbore phom.

castles

Lub hiob medieval landmark yog xam raws li cov kev tiv thaiv phab ntsa nrog yees. Lawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Upper Lavra. Rau qhov tseeb fortification systems yuav bastion earthen chaw tiv thaiv ntawm lub citadel, tsev kho mob polygonal fortification Vasilkovskoe strengthening. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov defensive barracks, nyob rau hauv Pechersk, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej embody cov yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab fortification tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog, raws li kws txawj, nyob ib tug loj txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thib kaum cuaj caug xyoo. Lysogorskaya ntxiv dag zog qha cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug fortress outlying forts lub sij hawm rifled artillery. Ib txhia vaj tse ntawm cov fortress yog ncaj qha mus txuas nrog rau cov keeb kwm ntawm lub revolutionary thiab liberation taw. Qhov twg ib zaug muaj ib tug nom tswv tsev rau txim "Kiev Shlisselburg" nyob rau hauv lub thirties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo qhib lub tsev khaws puav pheej "oblique caponier".

Kyiv Fortress Tsev khaws puav pheej niaj hnub no

Txhua txhua xyoo, archaeologists pom ntau yam lus tseeb ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog thiab lub fortress. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yog vim li cas hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no lub sij hawm ntawd Kyiv fortress - ib qho ntawm feem mysterious nroog puas. Cov feem nthuav lub caij uas cov kwv yog pom tias yuav Diagon Caponier, ua nyob rau hauv 1844. Nws yog ib lub tsev nrog tuab heev phab ntsa, uas nws lub hauv paus yog ib lub pob zeb thiab cib. Nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa slits tau muab tso rau thiab embrasures rau phom thiab phom. Builders rau ib qho yooj yim siv Caponier battlefield muab tso rau lub kaum sab xis mus rau lub qhov tob ntawm lub fortress, li no nws lub npe tshwm. Los ntawm cov outset, nws yog tsim nyog rau lub cia ntawm artillery thiab riam phom stockpiles. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ua ib tug nom tswv hauv tsev lojcuj, uas muaj nyob rau, raws li koj yuav qhia tau, cov nom tswv neeg raug kaw ua ntej lawv mus kawm rau Lesogorskiy fort nyob rau gallows.

Rau hnub tim, oblique Caponier nruab nrab yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nthuav cov ntsiab ntawm cov Kiev fortress. Sib nrug los ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv lub ib feem ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog Tsev khaws puav pheej, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, raws li zoo raws li ntau cov chaw. Lawv yuav tsum tau mus xyuas thaum nyob rau hauv Pechersk, nyob rau hauv lub complex "Kyiv fortress." Yuav ua li cas kom paub txhua leej txhua tus nyob rau hauv lub zos, thiab lawv yuav kiag koj: los ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau / railway chaw nres tsheb muaj ib lub sij hawm kom tau rau hauv lub npav naj npawb 14, lub npav naj npawb 534 mus rau lub tsheb npav nres nrog rau cov npe kom tsim nyog los yog tsheb tavxij. Los ntawm Bessarabki nrog lub neeg 'Friendship thiab Solomyanki taug kev npav naj npawb 450.

puas

Nyob rau hauv lub guardhouse yog ob puas uas muaj nplooj siab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv. Interestingly, ib tug ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv av. Guests yuav ntes nws nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv hloov dua siab tshiab rau neeg raug kaw. Nrog rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm teeb meem tag nrho cov loopholes tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lub qhov rais nrog txhim khu kev qha sob. Ntawm no yog ib lub sij hawm mus ntsib ib tug ntau ntawm cov laus cov tais diav, daim ntawv, riam phom thiab tej khoom ntawm neeg raug kaw dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Tus tom ntej tsev cia puav pheej yog ib qho tseem ceeb keeb kwm ntaub ntawv thiab khaub ncaws ntawm txawv sij hawm.

Niaj hnub no Kyiv fortress yog ib qho ntawm feem enigmatic nroog ntawm puas, raws li txhua txhua xyoo, archaeologists pom ntau yam lus tseeb ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog thiab lub fortress.

Cov tsev khaws puav pheej sau

Lossis loj pob zeb yees, earthworks thiab caponiers - nws Excursions zaub khoom nyob rau hauv lub architectural complex "Kyiv fortress." Qhov kev pab cuam ntawm miv sawv cev ib tug sau ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab cov tub rog Miniatures nyob rau hauv Ukraine, cov teb chaws Europe tus loj tshaj plaws sau los ntawm "Napoleoniana" printing division ntawm lub UPR thiab nws. Makhno. Swords, hmuv rau cov tibneeg, hneev, thiab gakovnitsy Chablis nrog cov khoom remarkably haum mus rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho saib ntawm chaw tiv thaiv. Tsev khaws puav pheej miv yog muab tso rau hauv ob caponiers uas qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Kiev thiab lub teb chaws fortification vim Tripoli kab lis kev cai kom txog thaum lub thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua, raws li zoo raws li txog keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov fortress Siv.