Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog: piv txwv. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm cov nqaijrog

Cov nqaijrog lawm tshwm sim organic tebchaw uas muaj ib tug macromolecular qauv. Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yog nerazvetvlyayuschimsya polymer. Cov nqaijrog yog ua los ntawm 20 cov amino acids. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv molecules yam tsawg kawg nkaus unit - monomer. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam yog interconnected protein polypeptide, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - ib tug urea, ib qhov txuas rau hauv cov saw ntev txaus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub molecular yuag yuav los ntawm ib tug ob peb txhiab mus rau lab ntawm atomic hais.

Yuav ua li cas tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug protein

Yuav kom txiav txim seb lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein, nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj. Thaum lub caij muaj ob ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb no tib neeg tivthaiv: fibrous thiab globular. Paub qhov txawv lawv mas vim qhov txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov protein molecule.

Globular yam khoom uas zoo soluble tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov dej, tiam sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntsev daws teeb meem. Yog li xws li ib tug protein molecule muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo. Xws li ib tug zoo solubility yuav ua tau yooj yim piav qhia qhov chaw ntawm them amino acid residues, uas yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug co plhaub, rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub globule. Qhov no yog dab tsi muab tej zoo tiv tauj nrog ntau yam kuab tshuaj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias cheebtsam hauv globular pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li tag nrho cov enzymes, raws li zoo raws li zoo tag nrho biologically active proteins.

Nrog kev xav txog fibrous tshuaj, lawv molecules muaj ib tug fibrous qauv. Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog qho tseem ceeb heev. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam nws ua tau zoo tsis muaj adjuvants. Fibrillar cov nqaijrog tsis yaj tej ntsev dlaws, yog nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam dej. Lawv molecules cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nyob rau hauv lub polypeptide chains. Tej tshuaj uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv hais ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg. Nws elastin, keratin, collagen.

Ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm complex cov nqaijrog, uas muaj xws li tsis tsuas cov amino acid, tiam sis kuj lub nucleic acids, carbohydrates thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm proteins. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, xws tshuaj yog npaj ua pa pigments, cov tshuaj hormones, raws li zoo raws li ib tug txhim khu kev qha kev tiv thaiv rau tej kab mob. Biosynthesis ntawm cov protein yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ribosome. Qhov no txoj kev yog txiav txim los ntawm lub tshaj tawm hauv xov qhov twg los ntawm nucleic acids.

Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog

Catalysis ntawm ntau yam tshuaj - yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws muaj nuj nqi ntawm proteins. Zoo li cov dab yog nqa tawm los ntawm enzymes. Yog proteins uas muaj kev catalytic zog. Txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj tej zaum yuav nqa ib tug los yog ob peb zoo sib xws tshua. Enzymes catalyze lub cleavage txheej txheem ntawm txoj molecules thiab lawv synthesis. Nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hu ua catabolism thiab anabolism. Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab kuj yuav kho ntawm DNA replication thiab RNA synthesis matrix.

Yuav ua li cas yog catalysis

Twb los ntawm 2013, zaum tau pom ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj li 5000 enzymes. Cov tshuaj yuav tau cuam tshuam hauv chav kawm ntawm zoo tag nrho biochemical kev tig cev. Yuav kom ua ntau ntshiab catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog, nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog dab tsi yog catalysis. Nrog rau cov lus Kili no tswvyim yog txhais raws li "tas". Catalysis yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv khiav tshaj tawm los ntawm tej tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tej yam sib txuas. Enzymes ua raws li ib lub hauv paus proteins. Piv txwv ntawm no phenomenon muaj nyob lossi nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cia li ib tug txiv neej tsis pom.

QAUV catalytic muaj nuj nqi

Yuav kom to taub li cas qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub enzyme, yog tsim nyog xav tias ib tug ob peb tus piv txwv. Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog qhov catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm proteins. piv txwv:

1. Thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis ribulezobifosfatkarboksilaza catalysis muab fixation ntawm CO _2.
2. Hydrogen peroxide yog cleaved rau oxygen thiab dej.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA.
4. Amylase muaj peev xwm sawv cleaves cov hmoov txhuv nplej rau maltose.
5. Degradation ntawm carbonic acid: CO ₂ + H ₂ O + HCO ₃ ⁺ H.

Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog mus leeb muaj tshuaj transformations. Nws koom zoo xws li cov tshua synthesis, disintegration kab mob, tus neeg atoms los yog hloov mus rau lwm electrons los ntawm ib feem mus rau lwm lub.

thauj muaj nuj nqi

Tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm txhua cell yuav tsum tau tswj los ntawm txawv tshuaj uas yog tsis tau tsuas yog rau lawv siv cov ntaub ntawv uas, tab sis kuj yog ib tug zoo ntawm lub zog. Lom zog muaj xws li cov nqaijrog thiab thauj. Cov Cheebtsam yog nkag rau hauv lub cell tag nrho cov tseem ceeb teeb meem, vim hais tias cov week yog lub tsev ntawm ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lipids. Nws nyob ntawm no thiab muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm proteins. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cheeb tsam hydrophilic tag nrho cov teem rau qhov chaw thiab tails - nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm daim nyias nyias. Qhov no qauv tsis pub txeem mus rau hauv lub hlwb yog qho tseem ceeb heev tshuaj - ions ntawm alkali hlau, amino acids thiab suab thaj. Cov nqaijrog tau kis tag nrho cov Cheebtsam mus rau lub hlwb rau lawv cov kev noj haus. Piv txwv li, qe ntshav liab thauj oxygen.

receptor

Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein tsis tsuas yog muab lub hwj chim hlwb uas muaj sia nyob, tab sis kuj pab kom paub tias cov Pib ntsais koj teeb uas yog los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab neighboring hlwb. Cov feem ntau cov tawm piv txwv ntawm no phenomenon - lub acetylcholine receptor, uas yog nyob rau ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm txog interneural hu. Cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yog qho tseem ceeb heev. Cov nqaijrog ua receptor muaj nuj nqi thiab lawv sib tham nrog acetylcholine yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib lub caij. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, hauv lub cell kis lub teeb liab. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ib co sij hawm, lub neurotransmitter yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cell yuav tsum tau txais lub tshiab lub teeb liab. Nws yog qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov enzymes - atsetilholtnesteraza uas ua splitting up gidrolizatsetilholina choline thiab acetate.

Tiv

Lub cev ntawm tej nyob tau mus rau teb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm txawv teb chaws hais nyob rau hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub protein yog tshuab txais kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi. Nyob rau hauv lub cev, muaj ib tug kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lymphocytes, uas muaj peev xwm ua puas lub pathogenic cov kab mob, macromolecules, thiab lwm yam mob hlwb. Ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tom ntej no tiam tej cov nqaijrog - immunoglobulins. Nws yog ib qho qee ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Lub immunoglobulins paub txog txawv teb chaws hais thiab tsim ib lub complex heev kev puas tsuaj nyob ntev. Yog li ntawd nqa kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov protein.

yam ntxwv

protein muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv ib lub cell mus tsis paub ib tug txiv neej. Ib txhia tshuaj yog feem ntau cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Cov roj ntsha qhia txhua yam zog rau tus neeg ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog collagen. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm cov extracellular matrix ntawm tag nrho cov connective ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj collagen ua txog 25% ntawm tag nrho cov luj ntawm proteins. Synthesis ntawm no tivthaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv fibroblasts. Cov no yog cov yooj yim hlwb ntawm tej connective cov ntaub so ntswg. Keeb xeeb tsim procollagen. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib tug precursor thiab yog sib kho, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm hydroxyproline rau proline residues, thiab gidrksilina lysine residues. Collagen yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm peb peptide chains, cov mus rau hauv ib tug kauv.

Nws tsis yog tag nrho cov kev khiav dej num ntawm proteins. Biology - ib tug heev complex science, uas tso cai rau koj los mus nrhiav thiab paub txog lub ntau yam txheej xwm noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Txhua muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein plays ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub elastic ntaub so ntswg, xws li mob ntsws, cov hlab ntsha thiab tej tawv nqaij muaj elastin. Qhov no protein yog tau mus siv zog thiab ces rov qab mus rau nws cov thawj zoo lawm.

lub cev muaj zog protein

Nqaij contraction - ib tug txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm lub zog muab cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ATP molecules nyob rau hauv macroergic pyrophosphate linkages, namely mus rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kev ua ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cell khiav lag luam myosin thiab actin. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.

Myosin muaj ib qho txawv qauv. Qhov no protein muaj filamentary txaus ntev feem - tus Tsov tus tw, raws li zoo raws li ntawm ob peb globular hau. Myosin yog tso tawm, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hexamer. Qhov no feem yog tsim nyob rau ntau kiag li zoo tib yam polypeptide chains, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm 200 txhiab, thiab tseem 4 chains uas nws molecular luj yog xwb 20 txhiab.

Actin yog ib tug globular protein uas muaj lub peev xwm los polymerize. Thaum zoo li no cov ntaub ntawv uas ntaub ntawv ib tug txaus ntev qauv, uas yog hu ua F-actin. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub xeev tivthaiv yuav nquag nrog myosin.

Piv txwv ntawm lub ntsiab zog ntawm cov nqaijrog

Txhua ob nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob tshwm sim ntau yam dab uas yuav tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau proteins. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm receptor muaj nuj nqi xws tshuaj yuav pab raws li ib tug cov lus hlwb adrenoceptor accession adrenaline. Thaum raug mus rau lub teeb decomposition ntawm rhodopsin. Qhov no tshwm sim pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab muab wand.

Nrog kev xav txog cov yam ntxwv nta, qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab tau raws li cov nyhuv ntawm collagen. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas muab cov connective ntaub so ntswg ntawm ntau dua elasticity.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov thauj muaj nuj nqi ntawm hemoglobin yog nqa oxygen nyob ib ncig ntawm muaj sia nyob lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Qhov no yog tag nrho cov yooj yim lom zog ntawm proteins. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qho tseem ceeb heev rau lub neej kab mob. Nyob rau hauv no txog kev ua yog ua coj protein. Qhaj ntawv ntawm tej cheebtsam yuav ua malfunctions ntawm tej nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab nyob rau hauv lub cev.