Lub magnetic caij - ib tug yuav tsum muaj cov khoom teejtug uas elementary hais

Lub magnetic caij ntawm lub atom - lub ntsiab yooj lub cev vector kom muaj nuj nqis, characterizing lub magnetic thaj chaw ntawm tej tshuaj. Tau qhov twg los ntawm magnetism, raws li classical electromagnetic kev tshawb xav, microcurrents yog sawv los ntawm electron orbital tsab ntawv tsa suab. Lub magnetic caij - nws yog ib tug tsim nyog feature ntawm tag nrho cov, tsis muaj kev zam, elementary hais, nuclei, nuclear thiab electron zoo li ntawm molecules.

Hlau nplaum, uas yog tshwm sim rau tag nrho cov elementary hais, raws li quantum mechanics, vim lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug txhua yam lub sij hawm ntawd lawv hu ua kiv (tus kheej momentum quantum txhua yam xwm). Lub sib nqus ntawm ib tug atomic nucleus tig pulses muaj cov tub ntxhais qhov chaw - los ntawm protons thiab neutrons. Hauv casing (intra-orbit) kuj muaj ib tug sib nqus lub sij hawm ntawd, uas yog lub sum ntawm lub magnetic sij hawm ntawm lub electrons yog rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub sib nqus lub sij hawm ntawm elementary hais thiab atomic orbitals vim intra-quantum-mechanical nyhuv, lub npe hu ua kiv momentum. Cov nyhuv no yog analogous mus rau lub angular momentum ntawm kev sib hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej central axis. Tig momentum yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv Planck lub qhov - qhov yooj yim tas li ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav.

Tag nrho neutrons, electrons thiab protons, ntawm uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj atom, raws li Planck muaj kiv sib npaug zos mus rau ½. Tus qauv ntawm lub atom tus electrons orbiting lub nuclei dua li tig momentum muaj ntau thiab orbital angular momentum. Core, txawm hais tias nws occupies ib tug zoo li qub txoj hauj lwm, kuj muaj angular momentum, uas tsim cov nyhuv uas cov nuclear kiv.

Lub magnetic teb uas generates lub atomic magnetic caij yog txiav txim los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm angular momentum. Qhov tseem hnov pab mus rau lub magnetic teb ua rau nws saws nyhuv. Raws li lub Pauli cais hauv paus ntsiab lus, raws li uas ob tug zoo tib electrons yuav tsis nyob rau ntawm tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tib quantum lub xeev, txhua yam electrons hauj lwm ua ke nrog lawv cov kiv impulses ua diametrically opposed projections. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub magnetic caij ntawm lub electron yog txo, uas thiaj li muaj qhov sib nqus ntawm tag nrho cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv ib co hlwb muaj ib tug txawm tooj ntawm electrons, qhov no taw tes yog txo mus rau zero, thiab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tsis muaj sib nqus. Yog li, lub magnetic caij ntawm lub cais elementary hais muaj ib tug ncaj qha cawv rau cov magnetic zoo ntawm tag nrho cov nuclear atomic system.

Ferromagnetic ntsiab nrog ib tug khib tooj ntawm electrons yuav yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug nonzero magnetism vim lub unpaired electron. Nyob rau hauv xws ntsiab uas nyob ib sab orbital overlap, thiab tag nrho cov kiv moments ntawm unpaired electrons noj tib yam orientation rau hauv qhov chaw, uas ua rau yus qhov kev kawm ntawm cov qis tshaj zog lub xeev. Qhov no yog hu ua cov kev pauv sis raug zoo.

Nrog rau qhov no kawm tuab si lug ntawm lub magnetic moments ntawm ferromagnetic atoms ib tug sib nqus teb. Ib tug paramagnetic ntsiab muaj atoms nrog disoriented magnetic moments tsis muaj lawv tus kheej magnetic teb. Tab sis, yog hais tias koj ua hauj lwm rau lawv nyob nraum zoov qhov chaw ntawm magnetism, sib nqus sij hawm ntawm lub atoms dlhos, thiab cov ntsiab tseem yuav tau sib nqus.