Lub molecular qauv muaj ... Yuav ua li cas tshuaj muaj ib tug molecular qauv

Raws li koj paub, Science News for KIDS kawm cov qauv thiab cov thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li lawv kev sib nrig sib transformations. Ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub characterization tshuaj tebchaw yog cov lus nug hais tias, los ntawm dab tsi raws nraim lawv muaj xws li hais. Qhov no tej zaum yuav atoms, ions los yog molecules. Nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qhov chaw. Lub molecular qauv muaj ib tus me naj npawb ntawm cov tebchaw tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov khoom, kua thiab gaseous lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, peb muaj cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm molecular lattices, raws li zoo raws li xav txog ob peb hom intermolecular kev sib tshuam meej mus rau khib nyiab, dej thiab roj cua.

Vim li cas kuv yuav tsum tau paub cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua ceg ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse, koj yuav xaiv tau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv uas lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm science. Nyob rau hauv Chemistry - ib tug kev tshawb xav MV University thiab George. Dalton, piav qhia txog lub atomic thiab molecular qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, kev paub txog lub hauv qauv, nws yog ua tau rau koj twv seb ob lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub compound. Tag nrho cov loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm artificially tsim organic tshuaj neeg (yas, cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj tua kab, lwm yam) yog muab nyob rau hauv ua ntej tus yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom, cov zoo tshaj plaws rau nws muaj thiab domestic siv.

Paub txog cov yam ntxwv nta thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw thov nyob rau hauv kev tswj khej, kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kuaj nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS kawg. Piv txwv li, lub tswv yim daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj nrhiav txoj cai teb: dab tsi yog qhov molecular qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw?

• Zinc.
• Magnesium oxide.
• Pob zeb diamond.
• Naphthalene.

Cov lus teb yog: zinc muaj ib tug molecular qauv, raws li tau zoo raws li naphthalene.

intermolecular rog

Nws yog tsim los experimentally hais tias cov molecular qauv raug rau ntaub ntawv nrog tsawg melting ntsiab lus thiab tsawg hardness. Yuav ua li cas yuav piav qhia txog lub fragility ntawm tus siv lead ua lattices ntawm cov tebchaw? Raws li nws muab tawm, nws tag nrho cov nyob rau lub zog ntawm tus txha nyhuv ntawm tus hais nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Nws muaj hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov thiab yog hu ua intermolecular sis los yog van ua dawb Waals rog, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv influencing txhua lwm yam oppositely them molecules - dipoles. Nws muab tawm hais tias muaj ob peb mechanisms ntawm lawv tsim, nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tus tshuaj nws tus kheej.

Acid li cov molecular muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub compound

Lub ntsiab feem ntau acids, ob qho tib si organic thiab inorganic, ncov qaumteb qabteb muaj hais uas yog taw qhia kom paub txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam oppositely them tug. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm acid chloride HCI dipoles yog tam sim no, ntawm uas muaj orientational sis raug zoo. Nrog rau cov kub nce ntawm cov molecules ntawm hydrochloric, hydrobromic (HBr) thiab lwm yam halogen acids, ib tug txo orientational nyhuv, txij thaum lub thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab ntawm tus hais tsis pub lawv kev sib nrig sib attraction. Dhau li ntawm tus saum toj no uas muaj npe tshuaj, cov molecular qauv yog sucrose, naphthalene, ethanol thiab lwm yam organic tebchaw.

Raws li tshwm sim ntxias them hais

Nyuam qhuav pib, peb ntsia ntawm ib qho ntawm cov mechanisms ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm van ua dawb Waals rog, hu ua orientation sis raug zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd organic tebchaw thiab halogen muaj acids, lub molecular qauv muaj ib tug hydrogen oxide - dej. Thaum tshuaj muaj uas tsis yog-polar, tab sis yuav daim ntawv dipoles, molecules xws li carbon dioxide CO _2, nws yog tau mus soj ntsuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntxias them hais - dipoles. Lawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feature - tus muaj peev xwm yuav attracted rau txhua lwm yam, ua tsaug rau rov tshwm sim ntawm electrostatic attraction rog.

Lub molecular qauv ntawm cov roj

Raws li peb hais ua ntej lawm subtitle compound xws li carbon dioxide. Txhua atom nws tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv tus kheej ib tug hluav taws xob field uas induces polarization atom situated tom ntej no mus carbon dioxide molecules. Nws yog hloov mus rau ib tug dipole, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm polarization ntawm lwm tus CO _2. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, molecules yog attracted rau txhua lwm yam. Inductive kev sib tshuam tau cai thiab tshuaj muaj ncov qaumteb qabteb hais, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog ntau npaum li cas weaker tshaj lub orientation ntawm lub van ua dawb Waals quab yuam.

Lub dispersion sis

Raws li cov atoms lawv tus kheej, thiab hais muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg (tub ntxhais electrons) muaj peev xwm ntawm continual muab thiab vibrational zog. Nws ua rau yus mus rau lub tsos ntawm cov dipoles. Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm quantum mechanics, qhov tshwm sim ntawm instantaneous dvuzaryadnyh hais no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab thiab nyob rau hauv kua synchronously, yog li ntawd lub xaus ntawm lub lwg me me nyob ze, yuav tshwm sim nrog opposite tug. Qhov no ua rau lawv electrostatic attraction, tau txais lub npe ntawm tus dispersion sis raug zoo. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj, tsuas yog cov neeg uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous lub xeev, thiab nws monatomic molecules. Txawm li cas los, van ua dawb Waals rog zaum yuav tshwm sim, piv txwv li, thaum dua inert gases (Helium, neon) nyob rau hauv cov kua theem thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Yog li, lub molecular qauv ntawm lub cev los yog ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm mus tsim intermolecular kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau hom: lub orientation ntxias los yog dispersion.

Yuav ua li cas yog sublimation

Lub molecular qauv ntawm cov khoom cev, xws li iodine muaju, ua rau ib tug lub cev tshwm sim nthuav li sublimation - volatilization molecules kuv ₂ raws li ib tug ntshav vapors. Nws los ntawm tus nto ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem, bypassing lub kua hauv lub xeev.

Qhov no visually spectacular kev yog feem ntau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm Science News for KIDS los qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecular siv lead ua lattices thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub tebchaw. Feem ntau qhov no tsis tshua muaj hardness, tsis tshua muaj melting thiab kub cov ntsiab lus, cov neeg pluag thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, volatility.

Cov kev siv tswv yim ntawm kev paub txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem

Raws li peb tau pom, nws yog tau mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug meej correlation ntawm cov lattice hom, qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub compound. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus paub yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom, nws yog ib qho yooj yim txaus los twv seb cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus hais: atoms, molecules los yog ions. Cov uas ua ntaub ntawv kuj yuav pab tau yog tias koj xav tau rau cov ntawv ua nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS los ntawm ib hom pab pawg neeg ntawm tebchaw mus xaiv ib yam khoom uas muaj ib tug molecular qauv, tsis suav cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov hom ntawm atomic los yog ionic lattices.

Ntsiab lus, peb yuav xaus li nram qab no: molecular qauv yog khoom, thiab nws spatial qauv ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, thiab nta polarized arrangement ntawm tus hais nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab roj cua yog tag nrho lub luag hauj lwm rau nws lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Nyob rau hauv theoretical cov nqe lus ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw uas muaj dipoles, nyob ntawm seb lub zog ntawm cov intermolecular sis raug zoo. Lub siab dua cov polarity ntawm lub lwg me me thiab me me voos kheej-kheej ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv, cov muaj muaj zog lub orientation rog generated therebetween. Conversely, qhov ntau atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule, qhov ntau dua nws dipole lub sij hawm ntawd, thiab yog li ntawd tseem ceeb tshaj dispersion rog. Yog li, lub molecular qauv ntawm cov khoom cev thiab muaj feem xyuam rau ntau rau nws cov sis rog ntawm tus hais - dipoles.