Lub stigma ntawm lub iav factories ntawm lub USSR: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab txhua yam kev

Soviet iav yog kev zoo siab thiab superb kho kom zoo nkauj. Hnub no, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv yog hunted los ntawm lolus thiab kos duab critics. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub qub Soviet Union ua ob peb dozens ntawm factories rau zus tau tej cov iav thiab earthenware. Txiav txim uas ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau ua qhov no los yog hais tias kev kawm, yuav pab hom.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav tsom ntsoov rau cov nyiaj muas iav factories ntawm lub USSR. Yuav ua li cas lawv saib thiab lawv depict? Thiab cov nyiaj muas tau hloov ntau lub xyoo?

Stigma thiab nws cov variants

Lub sij hawm yog feem ntau yuav muab tau los ntawm lub German lo lus Kleim, uas translates rau hauv Lavxias teb sab li "cov kua nplaum". Stigma - yog ib tug duab uas yog thov rau cov khoom los yog cov khoom los txheeb xyuas cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus.

Hom, thiab loj, yog ib tug "khoom", lub invention ntawm tus qhev era. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm muaj ib tug xyaum ntawm branding qhev rau tej uas ua yuam kev los yog teeb meem txhaum cai (piv txwv li, rau txoj kev khiav los).

Hallmarks yog siv mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab txoj kev:

1. Shock (feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov hlau khoom).
2. Hlawv.
3. Siv dyes.

Stigma tsis tau tsuas yog ua cov kev ua ntawm qhia kom paub txog cov khoom. Nws yog feem ntau ib tug zoo ntawm kev kos ntawm ib tug khoom. Los ntawm txoj kev, nrog rau qhov no feature nws yog txuam ib qho hais tias: "Yog koj muaj tsis pom qhov twg kom muab tso rau lub cim!". Yog li ntawd lawv hais txog cov neeg uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm tsis xws luag los yog raug.

Iav kev lag luam thiab nws kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Russia

Iav - nws yog heev ruaj, resistant rau thermal thiab tshuaj kuj cov ntaub ntawv uas, dav siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm tableware, kos duab khoom thiab ib co lwm cov khoom. Rau nws cov ntau lawm, raws li ib tug txoj cai, siv cov plaub mineral kev pab: Nws yog ib Kaolin, quartz, Feldspar, pob av nplaum.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias iav "invented" Suav yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub VII caug xyoo. Thiab lawv yog ntev heev khaws cia tsis pub leejtwg paub daim ntawv qhia rau nws lawm. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1708 lub Europeans muaj kev tswj kom tau iav. Tom qab ib tug ob peb decades ntawm nws cov technology yog tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab.

Russia tus thawj portselyanovaya Hoobkas tau qhib nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1744. Lub stigma ntawm lub iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era yog ib tug cos thiab yooj yim coj. Nws muaj peb intertwined ntawv xam: "LPF" (Leningrad iav Hoobkas). Qhov no nroj tsuag ua hauj lwm hnub no. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no nws tau hais khov kho hu ua lub Imperial, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm.

Hallmarks ntawm lub USSR thiab Lavxias teb sab iav factories: hom thiab cov yam ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union iav kev lag luam tau tsim heev. Cov khoom siv los ntawm iav (tais diav, figurines, vases thiab lwm yam tsev rooj tog) tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration ntawm cov nroj tsuag cai nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian SSR, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab SFSR.

Raws li mus rau lub qub Soviet txoj kev, 178 iav factories muaj nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Stigma yog txhua yam ntawm lawv! Nws xwm ib tsab ntawv los yog ib tug yooj yim nraaj designs, feem ntau cov tsiaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau nyiaj muas Gorodnitski iav Hoobkas yog xwm khiav mos lwj, Polonsky - ib tug dawb os dej dawb, Sinelnikovskuyu - nqos rau hauv lub davhlau. Tej zaum cov feem ntau nthuav stamp yog nyob rau hauv Zugdidi tsob nroj - tus nees rau sab saum toj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Hallmarks iav nroj tsuag yog muab faib ua ob hom: underglaze (ua rau lub "nyoos" khoom) thiab overglaze (vyponyayutsya tom qab thov hniav glazes zais pa). Muaj peb txoj kev stigma cov khoom:

• extrusion ntawm ntub luj;
• imprint stamp;
• nqus ntawm lub cim rau cov khoom tiav.

Yuav ua li cas yuav qhia tau rau stigma iav factories

Stigma - nws yog, saum toj no tag nrho, ib tug kos npe rau ntawm zoo thiab authenticity ntawm cov khoom, uas yog teem los ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub iav tais - khob, daim hlau, vases thiab figurines.

Hallmarks ntawm Soviet iav factories yuav qhia tau ntau yam txog ib tug tshaj plaws. Yog vim li cas qhov no yog tseem ceeb heev lolus kawm "nyeem". Nyob rau nyiaj muas feem ntau muaj cov lus qhia tsis tau tsuas yog hais txog cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus, tab sis kuj cov khoom tawm hnub, raws li ib tug iav neeg pleev kob neeg uas pleev xim rau nws thiab thiaj li nyob. D.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias tus tib Hoobkas yuav yog ib tug "arsenal" ntawm tej ntawv, vim hais tias nyob rau lub xyoo lub stigma ntawm iav factories heev feem ntau hloov. Tej zaum tshaj li paub. Tag nrho cov no tsim ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem tam sim no tiam ntawm lolus nyob rau hauv lub cim txheej txheem ntawm tej yam khoom.

Nyob rau nyiaj muas iav yuav feem ntau pom cov nram qab no tias: "1-C", "C-2", "3-C". Dab tsi ua lawv txhais li cas? Lawv yog cov tej yam tshwm sim, uas muaj peev xwm txiav txim rau qib ntawm iav:

• thawj qib (1-C);
• Class II (C-2);
• qib peb (3-C).

Qib iav, thiab tej zaum kuj hais siv lub cim xim: liab - lub siab tshaj plaws zoo ntau yam ntawm cov khoom; xiav - Chav Kawm kuv, Ntsuab - rau lub thib ob thiab dub (los yog xim av) - rau peb.

Tom ntej no, peb piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv kom meej nto moo tshaj plaws iav factories ntawm lub Soviet Union, them kev mloog kom lawv cov khoom thiab hom.

Leningrad iav Hoobkas

Nws yog tus hlob thiab ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia rau zus tau tej cov iav qhauj. Nws twb nrhiav tau rov qab nyob rau hauv 1744. Tam sim no cov nroj tsuag yog hu ua - Imperial (abbreviated - IPE).

IPE iav rau zaub nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo-paub puas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv London, New York, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage). Niaj hnub no, cov nroj tsuag ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov miv cov khoom. Qhov no tshuaj yej poob lawm, khob thiab saucers, figurines, thiab ntau yam sab hauv cov khoom. Heev nrov series "Moscow thiab St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj", depicting lub ntsiab attractions ntawm ob capitals ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub khob, daim hlau thiab souvenir neeb.

Lub stigma ntawm lub iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era mas tsis tshua muaj cos daim ntawv: peb intertwined cov tsiaj ntawv "LPF". Niaj hnub no, tag nrho cov prints ntawm lub enterprise taws dav dawb hau emblazoned nrog lub hnub ntawm cov nroj tsuag thaj av thiab lub Imperial iav inscription.

Dmitrov iav Hoobkas

Qhov no lub tuam txhab, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1766, nyob rau hauv lub zos Verbilki (Taldom koog tsev kawm ntawv, Moscow cheeb tsam). Niaj hnub no nws yog hu ua tus "iav Verbilok".

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, Dmitrov nroj tsuag twb teem rau qhov teeb meem ntawm loj zus tau tej cov tsis tshua muaj zoo. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm iav Hoobkas ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm prestigious thoob ntiaj teb khoom plig (xws li cov kub laiv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tso rau neeg pom nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv 1937). Niaj hnub no "iav Verbilok" - yog ib tug ntawm peb cov uas twb muaj lawm iav qhauj nyob rau hauv Russia.

Lub stigma ntawm lub iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv Verbilki tsis yooj yim sua kom kawm. Nws depicts ib tug mos lwj lub taub hau nrog tsab ntawv "B" nyob rau hauv lub sab ces kaum.

Dulevo iav Hoobkas

Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau lawm, lub tuam txhab whiteware kev lag luam nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Russia nyob rau hauv lub nroog Likino-Dulyovo (thiab cov Moscow cheeb tsam). Dulevo nroj tsuag twb tsim nyob rau hauv 1832. Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm ib tug txawj ntse ua lag luam M. S. Kuznetsova Hoobkas lawm mas thoob ntiaj teb koob meej thiab tej chaw.

Cov khoom ntawm no tsob nroj yog yooj yim paub los ntawm ib lub tswv yim zoo painting. Nws kom meej meej yuav tsum havzoov motives ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg nrog ib tug predominance ntawm txiv kab ntxwv thiab liab xim. Tshuaj yej muab "Golden mos lwj", yog tej zaum cov feem ntau tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Hallmarks Dulevo iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm tag nrho ntawm nws lub neej hloov 30 lub sij hawm! Txij li thaum 1962, lub hom lub npe ntawm lub enterprise yog ib tug graphical sawv cev ntawm ib tug liaj. Ntxiv mus, cov noog yuav "saib" ob sab laug thiab txoj cai sab.

Gorodnitsky iav Hoobkas

Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov hiob Ukrainian qhauj whiteware kev lag luam. Cov nroj tsuag twb ua nyob rau hauv 1799 thiab tau koom rau cov princely tsev neeg Czartoryski. Tu siab, lub tuam txhab ntawd thaum kawg kaw nyob rau hauv 2012. Nws twb nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Gorodnitsa Zhytomyr cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, cov nroj tsuag ua tableware, tshuaj yej poob lawm thiab iav figurines. Nyob rau hauv stamp xwm khoom los yog ib tug os dej dawb los yog peb cov tsiaj ntawv: GFZ (nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag).

Polonsky iav Hoobkas

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua iav kev lag luam pib vam nyob rau hauv Podolia (cheeb tsam ntawm Western Ukraine), aided los ntawm cov kev pab hauv zos hauv paus - nplua nuj tso ntawm kaolin av nplaum thiab quartz xuab zeb. Nyob rau hauv 1889, nyob rau hauv lub qub nroog tag nrho (tam sim no Khmelnitsky cheeb tsam) nws twb nrhiav tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas twb destined los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws producers ntawm iav nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo Polonsky Hoobkas qhov hluav taws xob heev heev statuettes. Nto moo decanter nrog tsom iav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntses, tej zaum, yog nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lwm yam Soviet tsev neeg. Nyob rau cov khoom uas siv Polonsky ntawm iav Hoobkas feem ntau koj yuav saib tau lub stamp rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug os dej dawb. Tu siab, nyob rau hauv 2008 cov Ukrainian iav kev lag luam loj heev mus nyob qhovtwg li.