Lub system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances - yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers. Lub peb ceg ntawm tsoom fwv

Lub system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances - ib tug ua daim ntawv thov ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev ntawm powers ntawm ob peb lub cev thiab tsev uas yog ywj siab los ntawm txhua lwm yam, originated ntau centuries dhau los. Nws yog tus txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug ntev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev thiab nrhiav tau ib lub zoo mechanism rau kev tiv thaiv tus rov tshwm sim ntawm despotism. Lub system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances - ib tug derivative ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers, embodying nws mus rau hauv xyaum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub Constitution. Lub xub ntiag ntawm xws li ib tug mechanism yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej lub xeev.

Cov ancient ntiaj teb no

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers nws muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau antiquity. Piv txwv ntawm nws theoretical kev kawm thiab ua daim ntawv thov yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient Greece. Politician thiab legislator Solon tsim nyob rau hauv Athens coj system nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov ntsiab ntawm qhov kev sib cais ntawm powers. Nws muab sib npaug zos txoj cai mus rau lub ob tsev: lub Council ntawm lub Areopagus, thiab plaub puas. Cov ob tsoom fwv lub cev mus rau stabilize cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub zej zog los ntawm kev sib nrig sib tswj.

Lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers twb formulated los ntawm ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thiab Polybius. Lawv taw tes rau kom zoo dua lub xeev ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv uas lub constituent ntsiab yog ywj siab thiab xyaum kev sib nrig sib khi. Polybius piv no system nrog ib tug kuas lub nkoj, tau mas tej cua daj cua dub.

txoj kev loj hlob lub hom phiaj

Medieval Italian philosopher Marsilius ntawm Padua nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm mob siab rau mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug secular hauv lub xeev, qhia lub tswv yim ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov PatientsÕ thiab executive tub ceev xwm. Raws li nws, tus uas kav lub luag hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog rau cov tsim kev txiav txim. Marsilius ntawm Padua considers hais tias txoj cai los mus tsim thiab pom zoo cov kev cai muaj tsuas yog tus neeg.

Dzhon Lokk

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers yog ntxiv theoretical kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance. Cov kawm lus Askiv philosopher Dzhon Lokk tsim ib tug qauv ntawm pej xeem zej zog raws li cov accountability ntawm tus huab tais thiab lub siab tshaj plaws dignitaries ntawm cov kevcai tswj. Koj txawj xav teem rau lub delimitation ntawm lub PatientsÕ thiab executive tub ceev xwm. Dzhon Lokk tau faib rau lwm tus - tsoom fwv teb chaws. Nws pom tias cov txawj txaus ntawm cov ceg ntawm tsoom fwv yuav tsum muaj xws li diplomatic thiab txawv teb chaws txoj cai tej teeb meem. Dzhon Lokk sib cav hais tias lub division ntawm cov dej num thiab powers ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv Cheebtsam ntawm cov pej xeem koom haum saib xyuas system yuav tshem tawm cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm ywm ntau heev hwj chim nyob rau hauv ib tug ob txhais tes. English philosopher cov tswv yim yog lug txais yav tom ntej tiam.

Charles-Lui De Montesquieu

Theorizing Dzhona Lokka ua ib tug sib sib zog nqus tswv yim nyob rau ntau cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov politicians. Nws tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm qhov kev sib cais ntawm powers rau hauv peb ceg reinterpreted thiab tsim lub Fabkis txawj sau ntawv thiab jurist Montesquieu. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 18th caug xyoo. Tus qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob, ib tug Frenchman, yog lom zem ntau khaws cia cov yam ntxwv yam ntxwv ntawm feudalism. Formulated lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kws ntawv ciali mus nws lub contemporaries heev radical. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Charles-Lui De Montesquieu rau lub delimitation ntawm powers tsis tooj mus rau tus ntaus ntawv ntawm monarchical Fabkis. European lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tseem yuav raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm medieval Estates uas faib cov haiv neeg mus rau hauv raws roj ntsha los nom tswv cajceg, txiv plig thiab commoners. Niaj hnub no lub hom phiaj ntawm Montesquieu yog suav tias yog ib tug classic. Nws tau ua tus ncej txheem rau tej kev ywj pheej lub xeev.

Lub ntsiab cai ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav

Montesquieu muaj pov thawj tseem ceeb ntawm lub sib cais ntawm powers rau hauv PatientsÕ, thawj thiab hais plaub ntug. Delineation thiab kev sib nrig sib deterrence peb hais ntawm lub xeev cov qauv no yog tsim los tiv thaiv kom txhob lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug dictatorship thiab kev tsim txom ntawm lub hwj chim. Montesquieu ntseeg despotism ntawm cov phem tshaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv raws li nyob rau hauv kev ntshai. Nws qhia tias tyrants ua thiaj tau tuaj raws li nws lub siab nyiam, thiab tsis ua raws li tej kev cai. Raws li Montesquieu, txuas lub peb ceg ntawm lub hwj chim inevitably ua rau dictatorship.

Fabkis txawj xav muaj qhov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev vam meej hauj lwm ntawm muab faib coj qauv: yuav tsum muaj tsis muaj tau ntawm subordination ntawm ib feem ntawm lub system ntawm qhov lwm ob.

Lub US Constitution

Lub tswv yim ntawm ntau yam ntawm peb ceg ntawm tsoom fwv tau pom raws li txoj cai daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub American kiv puag ncig thiab lub ua tsov ua rog ntawm ywj siab. Lub US Constitution tau li qhia siv kuj thaws rov los lub classical qauv ntawm qhov kev sib cais ntawm powers rau hauv tsoom fwv, tsim los ntawm Montesquieu. American nom tswv cov thawj coj muaj ntxiv nws ib co txhim kho, ib tug uas yog ib tug system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances. Qhov no mechanism rau kev sib nrig sib tswj ntawm peb ceg ntawm tsoom fwv. Ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau nws cov creation tau ua lub plaub US President Dzheyms Medison. Lub system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances - yog ib tug sib tshooj ntawm lub powers ntawm cov tub ceev xwm sib cais. Piv txwv li, lub tsev hais plaub tej zaum yuav tshaj tawm thov thiab void qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub koom haum nom tswv, yog hais tias nws tsis ua raws li cov kevcai tswj. Thawj Tswj Hwm, raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm tus thawj hwj chim, kuj muaj ib tug tsis pom zoo. Cov tsis txawj txaus ntawm cov Thawj Tswj Hwm rau taw txiav txim, tab sis lawv cov candidacy yuav tsum tau kev pom zoo los ntawm cov nom tswv. system ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances - yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers thiab lub mechanism rau nws zoo daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv xyaum. Cov kev cai ntawm lub US Constitution, tsim los ntawm Madison, yog tseem nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv.

Lavxias teb sab Federation

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus formulated los ntawm Montesquieu thiab advanced cov thawj coj ntawm lub American Revolution, yog muaj nyob rau hauv tus tsim ntawm tag nrho cov kev ywj pheej lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab Federation Constitution kuj enshrined sib cais ntawm powers. Lub meej ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm txoj ntsiab cai no yog hais tias lub hauj lwm ua ke tau hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov ceg ntawm lub teb chaws tus thawj tswj hwm muab, uas yog tsis thawm xyoo yuav mus rau ib yam ntawm lawv. Lub luag hauj lwm rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab me nyuam ntawm cov kev cai rests nrog lub xeev Duma thiab lub Federation Council, sawv cev rau bicameral parliament. Ce ntawm tus thawj hwj chim yog nyob rau hauv lub rab peev xwm ntawm tsoom fwv. Nws muaj ministries, cov kev pab thiab cov koom haum. Lub judiciary nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation saib xyuas cov kev ua ub ntawm Parliament thiab ntsuas raws li txoj cai lij choj tau txais Constitution. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws cov tshev mis lub validity ntawm normative ua muab los ntawm tsoom fwv. Lub Constitution muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tshooj nyob rau tus judiciary nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation.

United Kingdom

Muaj ntau cov kws txawj ntseeg tau hais tias cov nom tswv system ntawm lub tebchaws United Kingdom lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers yog tsis tau embodied. Nyob rau hauv lub UK, muaj ib tug keeb kwm kev sib ntawm cov phiajcim ntawm PatientsÕ thiab thawj lub cev. Prime Minister belongs rau lub feem ntau haib nom tswv tog. Nws yog endowed nrog hwj chim, thiab feem ntau yog muaj kev pab los ntawm feem ntau MPS. Ywj pheej ntawm cov judiciary yog tsis nyob rau hauv cov lus nug, tab sis nws tsis ho muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev ua ntawm lwm lub xeev lub cev. Qhov siab tshaj plaws txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub UK tau feeb ntau tau suav hais tias yog PatientsÕ moj khaum. Tsev hais plaub yuav tsis thuam cov kev txiav txim siab pom zoo los ntawm Parliament.

Fabkis

Cov kevcai tswj of tsib koom pheej muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev raug xaiv los ntawm nrov pov ntawv tawm suab. Fabkis President appoints lub Prime Minister thiab cov mej zeej ntawm lub tsoom fwv, thiab txiav txim seb lub teb chaws txoj cai thiab coj diplomatic kev sib khom lus nrog lwm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, lub hom hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev yuav raug heev tas nws txheem rog nyob rau hauv parliament.

Fabkis Constitution muab rau lub sib cais ntawm powers. Cov thawj ceg muaj cov Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab txee. Legislative zog mus rau lub teb chaws los ua ke thiab lub Senate. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tshev mis thiab balances ua si heev heev ywj siab koom haum uas yog ib feem ntawm thawj ceg. Lawv feem ntau qhia Parliament nyob rau hauv ntau yam nuj nqis. Cov koom haum no ua raws li regulators thiab txawm muab tej txiaj ntsim uas muaj tej yam kev cai lij choj powers.