Lus dab neeg maps. Cim ntawm lub cev geographic maps

Daim ntawv qhia - ib tug txo qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto (lub ntiaj chaw raws li ib tug tag nrho los yog ib tug neeg seem) lub tsev los ntawm kev siv ib daim phiaj system thiab tej yam tshwm sim. Nyob rau lawv yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Yuav ua li cas yog cov cim ntawm maps? Thiab yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam hom lawv qhia?

Daim ntawv qhia thiab nws cov RESPONSIBILITIES

Daim ntawv qhia - yog ib tug me me qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto nrog ib tug zauv hauv paus. Nws yog ib, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab lub cuab tam, thiab lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub geographer thiab soj ntsuam. Thaj maps pab kom ib tug kev cheeb tsam tshawb fawb thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau cov nplais ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv yuav tsum tau leej, ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab pob tshab.

Thaj maps yog txwv kom muab zais:

• scale;
• hwv kev pab them nqi;
• cov ntsiab lus;
• lub sij hawm.

Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nyuaj thiab thematic, large- thiab me me-scale, kev kawm ntawv, kev, kev kawm thiab neeg mus ncig tebchaws.

Yog hais tias phau ntawv no yog ua los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov lus, lub geographic daim ntawv qhia - tshwj xeeb cim. Thiab nyeem kom tsis muaj daim ntawv qhia los yog txoj kev lub cheeb tsam yog tsuas tsis yooj yim sua. Yuav ua li cas yog cov cim ntawm maps? Thiab yuav ua li cas ua lawv saib? Cia peb kawm saib ua ke.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov cim maps

Toj siab, pas dej, hav zoov, kev koom thiab txoj kev - tag nrho cov khoom muaj tso tawm rau lub maps nrog kev pab los ntawm tej yam tshwm sim thiab cov cim. Qhov no tej zaum yuav kav, dotted kab, geometric duab los yog yooj yim drawings. Los ntawm cov cim maps kuj yuav nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm cov xim los yog shading. Phau ntawv ntawv no kuj siv heev lug.

Cim thaj awv t sawv cev rau ib tug system ntawm qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim graphic tej yam tshwm sim uas yog siv los tso saib tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom, txheej xwm, dab, thiab cov yam ntxwv - zoo thiab ntau. Heev feem ntau, qhov no system yog hu ua hauv daim ntawv qhia dab neeg.

Lus dab neeg maps yuav tsum yooj yim rau kev nyeem ntawv. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum tau, uas extends rau qhov kev siv ntawm tej cards. Lawv yuav tsum zoo ntaus nqi los ntawm lub qhov muag thiab yooj yim rau nco ntsoov. Uas yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam cim reminiscent ntawm view xwm rau lawv raws li yam kev kawm los yog yam khoom. Piv txwv li, ib tug kos npe rau designating ib tug mob rocky ledge los yog pob zeb yog tiag tiag uas zoo sib xws rau cov khoom.

Cim ntawm lub cev geographic maps thiab lawv kev faib

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kuas cim no tau muab faib ua plaub pawg loj:

1. Nplai.
2. Scaleless.
3. Tawm.
4. Explanatory.

Nplai (los yog polygonal contour) tej yam tshwm sim yuav siv los qhia lub ncua khoom, daim ntawv thiab kev zoo uas yuav tau qhia rau lub scale ntawm ib qho kev pab los yog daim ntawv qhia. Cov no muaj xws lub teb ntawm designations, forests, pastures, nroog zej zog, thiab thiaj li nyob. N. ib thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawd yuav tsum tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov khoom los yog lov-dotted kab.

Yog hais tias cov kwv yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ib yam nkaus thiab me me nyob rau hauv loj, yog li ntawd nws yuav tau qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia teev, ces txoj kev siv cov scale lub cim. Lawv sawv cev rau cais ntoo, pob zeb, windmills, smokestacks, pawg ntseeg, monasteries thiab t. D.

Tawm cov cim ntawm maps siv rau daim ntawv thov ntawm kev loj, railways, cov thawj tswj ib thaj tsam, lub hwj chim kab thiab lwm yam zoo xws khoom. Explanatory tej yam tshwm sim muab ntxiv characterization ntawm ib tug kwv. Nws yuav ua tau ob qho tib si ib tug kos npe koom, pas dej, railway noj, thiab lwm yam graphical ntsiab (xws li xub qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm ndlwg ntawm cov dej).

Raws li cov maps muaj tso tawm settlements thiab txoj kev?

Nyob rau loj-scale maps thiab cov kev npaj ntawm qhov chaw koom xwm raws li ntxaws li sai tau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm khaws lawv cov kev zoo thiab cov xwm ntawm txoj kev npaj, tseem ceeb lub ntsiab txoj kev, txoj, squares, raws li zoo li ib co loj cov vaj tse. Kos npe rau lub lub zos, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv capital cov tsiaj ntawv, mus rau lub zos thiab lub zos - nyob rau hauv sab cov ntaub ntawv. Lub koos pis loj nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ib tug tas.

Txoj kev network - ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm tej ncauj lus kom ntxaws daim ntawv qhia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tso saib cov feem ntau tag thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Kev tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv topographic maps feem ntau sawv cev kiag li tag nrho cov (tuab dub kab), cim tias seb thaum tus nqi ntawm cov glycols nrog luv luv dashes. Thiab displaying qhov chaw nres tsheb platform (voos), txuas hniav, ntau thiab patrols, thiab tej zaum - mus ncig teb chaws lub rooj muag zaub thiab semaphores.

Nyob rau maps sawv cev thiab txoj kev khiav tsheb tseem khiav: kev loj, kev loj, lub zos nqhuab, tom hav zoov thiab teb txoj kev. Ntxiv mus leem txoj kev no feem ntau yog xim nyob rau hauv cov txiv kab ntxwv.

Raws li cov maps muaj tso tawm lub cev ntawm cov dej?

Hav dej, pas dej, pas dej, canals, ntws thiab springs - tag nrho cov no yog tas thov mus rau topographic maps. Thaum no scale nyob rau nws cov dej nthuav dav zaub yam khoom ntawm ib tug muab lub teb chaws.

Pas dej nkhaus, pas dej, reservoirs rau maps sawv cev rau kab xiav, thiab cov khoom muaj dawb lias xiav. Thaum ua ntawv thov cov niam dej qhia lawv dav thiab tob nyob rau hauv meters (siv ib feem), thiab cov khiav kev taw qhia (los ntawm txoj kev sub).

Wells, springs thiab artesian dej nquam paj nquam nruas nrog tshwj xeeb scale lub cim. Nraum sawv cev luv luv kab rov tav kab txaij xiav.

Raws li hauv daim ntawv qhia qhia tau hais tias lub teb thiab tej nroj tsuag?

Koom Haum Niam rau topographic maps qhia los ntawm thiaj li hu ua contour kab. Cov no yog cov tshwj xeeb kab txuas cov ntsiab lus nrog cov tib altitude. Nrog lawv pab, koj yuav tau txais ib lub tswv yim hais txog qhov xwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto, lub steepness ntawm cov slopes, lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm nyem rau ntawm cov av. Kab rov tav feem ntau depict xim av, los yog txho.

Zoo ib yam ncauj lus kom ntxaws daim ntawv qhia koj yuav saib tau lub "hnov" thiab "siv" ntsuab. Nws - forests. Raws li cov teev cim kuj yuav txhais tau hais tias, uas yog ib lub hav zoov - coniferous, deciduous los yog tov. Tej zaum, muaj koj yuav nrhiav tau cov lus qhia txog qhov siab thiab thickness ntawm lub yeej nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, raws li zoo raws li qhov nruab nrab kev ncua deb ntawm cov ntoo.

Tej yam duab hais rau topographic maps sawv cev rau shrubs, meadows, vaj, Woodland, ntiv thiab m. P.