Luv luv biography thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tham nrog Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn nws txais tias nws lub neej twb mob siab rau lub Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig. Tias tus sau muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab tus tshiab "Tus Thawj vajvoog"? National History yuav ib tug tragic tig noj nyob rau hauv pub leejtwg paub. Tim khawv rau lawv cov txawj sau ntawv pom tau hais tias nws nws cov dej num. Solzhenitsyn - ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub XX caug xyoo.

cov ntaub ntawv kawm vitae

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich yug nyob rau hauv 1918 nyob rau hauv Kislovodsk. Nws koom nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ua si nrog cov hluas. Ua ntej tsov rog nws yog xav saum toj no tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog. Lub npe, lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv, dissident thiab kev activist nplooj siab nws thawj phau ntawv sau tej hauj lwm.

Muaj tswv yim thiab txoj kev uas nws lub neej Solzhenitsyn. Ua ib tug tim khawv thiab muab kev koom tes ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb keeb kwm cov txheej xwm - kev zoo siab rau cov kws ntawv, tab sis ib tug nyuaj siab rau tus neeg.

Cov phaum ntawm kev tsov kev rog Solzhenitsyn tau ntsib nyob rau hauv Moscow. Ntawm no nws kawm los ntawm kev yeem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm History, Philosophy thiab Literature. Qab nws yog tus Rostov University. Tom ntej - Officer lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab ntes. Nyob rau hauv lub lig nineties nyob rau hauv cov zajlus magazine "New World" tau luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Solzhenitsyn, nyob rau hauv uas tus sau li nws cov tub rog kev. Thiab nws tau txiav txim siab.

Ib artillery tub ceev xwm, lub neej yav tom ntej txawj sau ntawv tau ploj mus los ntawm dav dawb hau rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia. nws xyoo tom qab cov txheej xwm uas lub sij hawm dlhau khoom "Zhelyabugskie settlements", "Adliga Shvenkitten". Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub heev qhov chaw nyob qhov twg hu tuav Army General Samsonov. Txheej xwm nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914 Solzhenitsyn nplooj siab nws phau ntawv "Tus liab Log."

Tus tauj ncov loj Pob Solzhenitsyn raug ntes nyob rau hauv 1945. Yuav ua li cas raws li twb tau ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev loj cuj, camps, kev mus. Tom qab kev ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv 1957, thaum ib tug xib fwb nyob rau hauv ib lub zos lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob ze Ryazan. Solzhenitsyn chav tsev khiab tsev nyob los ntawm ib lub zos nyob - Matrona Zakharovna, uas tom qab ua qhov chiv keeb ntawm lub ntsiab cim "Matryona" zaj dabneeg.

Tus kws sau ntawv ntawm cov underground

Nyob rau hauv nws autobiography, "Oak thiab cov nyuj" Solzhenitsyn txais hais tias ua ntej nws raug ntes, txawm hais tias nws twb kos rau cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis, theej looj hlias. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm kev kaj siab, nyob rau hauv txoj kev ywj pheej, nws twb chim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias rau cov dab neeg mus nrhiav tau tshiab txog tej yam yooj yim. Yuav ua li cas yuav Solzhenitsyn, yog hais tias nws twb tsis cog?

Xai rau cov dab neeg, novellas thiab novels yug rau tuaj, nyob rau hauv barracks, nyob rau hauv tsev rau txim hlwb. Tsis tas yuav sau ntawv cia koj xav rau ntawm daim ntawv, nws tsim tag nrho tshooj ntawm lub novels "Lub gulag Archipelago" thiab "Thawj vajvoog" nyob rau hauv lub siab, thiab ces cim lawv los ntawm lub plawv.

Tom qab nws tso tawm, Aleksandr Isaevich txuas ntxiv mus rau sau. Sau nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub fifties ciali ib tug tsis yooj yim sua npau suav. Tab sis nws yeej tsis nres kev sau ntawv, ntseeg hais tias nws ua hauj lwm yuav tsis ploj mus uas plays, dab neeg thiab novels nyeem txawm xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Yuav kom luam tawm nws thawj thawj hauj lwm xwb nyob rau hauv 1963 yog tau Solzhenitsyn. Phau ntawv, li cais cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob ntau tom qab. Nyob rau hauv nws teb koj chaw yuav sau cov dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub "New World." Tab sis nws yog zoo kawg zoo siab.

kab mob

Yuav kom kawm sau ntawv thiab ces hlawv - ib txoj kev uas ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lawv Solzhenitsyn siv ntau tshaj li ib zaug. Tab sis thaum nyob rau hauv exile cov kws kho mob hais rau nws hais tias lawv yuav nyob ib ob peb lub lis piam, nws yog ntshai saum toj no tag nrho cov ntawm dab tsi nws tsim yuav tsis pom tus nyeem ntawv. Solzhenitsyn twb tsis muaj ib tug mus cawm tau. Cov phooj ywg - nyob rau hauv lub camps. Niam tuag. Tus poj niam nyob rau hauv absentia sib nrauj nws thiab yuav lwm tus txiv neej. Solzhenitsyn muab tus ntawv sau, uas muaj kev tswj kom sau, ces muab tso rau lawv nyob rau hauv ib lub raj mis ntawm champagne, qhov no raj mis faus nyob rau hauv lub vaj. Thiab kuv tau mus rau Tashkent tuag ...

Txawm li cas los, nws ciaj. Rau hauv loj heev mob rov qab mag ib tug npog los ntawm saum toj no. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm xyoo 1954, Solzhenitsyn sau, "Labor ntawm lub koom pheej" - tus thawj ua hauj lwm, Yog hais tias koj tsim ib tug txawj sau uas nws operatives tau paub kev zoo siab tsis ua kom puas lub tso cai ntawm lub kub, thiab muaj peev xwm nyeem koj tus kheej ua hauj lwm nkaus.

"Thawj vajvoog"

Nyob rau hauv cov zajlus underground tshiab txog sharashka nws twb sau. Lub prototypes ntawm lub ntsiab cim ntawm tus tshiab "Tus Thawj vajvoog" los ua tus sau thiab nws cov phooj ywg. Tab sis, txawm tag nrho cov kev ceev faj, raws li zoo raws li lub siab mus rau luam tawm cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teeb version, nws muaj ib lub caij nyoog rau nyeem xwb lub KGB. Nyob rau hauv Russia, tus tshiab "Tus Thawj vajvoog," tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1990 ib xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob - mus rau lub nees nkaum-ob xyoo ua ntej lawm.

"Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha"

Camp - ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntiaj teb no. Nws muaj dab tsi ua nrog rau ib tug nyob rau hauv uas dawb neeg nyob. Nyob rau hauv lub camp, txhua tus nyob rau lawv tus kheej ciaj sia taus thiab tuag. Nyob rau hauv thawj luam tawm ua hauj lwm ntawm Solzhenitsyn depicts ib hnub nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub hero. Hais txog lub yeej lub neej ntawm tus sau paub firsthand. Uas yog vim li cas thiaj nyiam tus nyeem ntawv ib tug ntxhib thiab tseeb realism, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg, uas tau sau Solzhenitsyn.

Phau ntawv ntawm no txawj sau ntawv rawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no haiv neeg, feem ntau vim hais tias muaj kev cia siab. Solzhenitsyn ntseeg hais tias cov txawj sau ntawv txuj ci yuav ploj mus, thiab ces tag tuag taus yog tias nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nws thov kom circumvent qhov tseeb. Thiab yog li ntawd, yog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub meej txawj rho tawm thiab tsis tau mus rau luam tawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm nws ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, nws tsis yog khib txoj kev vam meej ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua socialist realism. Writers Union tsav Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova thiab Pasternak tso tseg. Bulgakov tsis tau. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj txuj ci thiab yog hais tias muaj, ces sai sai tuag.

ntawv keeb kwm

Kos npe rau hauv sau, xa mus rau lub editor ntawm "New World", nws lub npe Solzhenitsyn tsis tau twv. Kuv vam thiab cia siab hais tias "Muaj ib hnub Ivana Denisovicha" pom tau qhov kaj, yuav luag tsis. Ntev weary lub hlis txij thaum lub sij hawm ntawd raws li ib tug ntawm cov phooj ywg ntawm tus kws xa ob peb los xij, sau nyob rau hauv me me thiab nyeem tau ntawm lub ntsiab neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws txawj publishing tsev, thaum mam li nco dheev tuaj caw los ntawm Twardowski.

Tus neeg sau ntawm "Vasiliya Terkina" thiab ib feem-lub sij hawm thawj editor ntawm "Lub ntiaj teb tshiab," tus ntawv sau ntawm ib tug tsis paub sau nyeem los ntawm Anna Berzer. Ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub publishing tsev pom tias Tvardovsky nyeem zaj dab neeg, hais tias cov kab lus uas ua decisive :. "Nws yog hais txog lub neej nyob rau hauv lub camp, los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug yooj yim cov neeg pluag" Qhov zoo Soviet kws sau paj lug, sau ntawm cov tub rog-patriotic kwv huam tuaj los ntawm ib tug yooj yim cov neeg pluag tsev neeg. Thiab vim hais tias ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas zaj dab neeg no yog sawv cev ntawm lub "ntau tus txiv neej," nws yog heev nthuav.

"Lub gulag Archipelago"

Ib tug tshiab hais txog cov neeg uas nyob ntawm Stalin lub camps, Solzhenitsyn tsim ntau tshaj ib xyoo caum. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv 1969, "Lub gulag Archipelago" yog ua kom tiav. Txawm li cas los, mus rau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union xws hauj lwm tsis tsuas tsis yooj yim tab sis kuj pheej hmoo ua. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv, uas reprinted lub thawj lub ntim ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, los ua ib tug tsim txom los ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm cov KGB. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov raug ntes thiab interrogation ntawm lub tsib-hnub uas tsis yog-nres ib tug neeg laus poj niam nws ua tim khawv tiv thaiv Solzhenitsyn. Thiab ces cog lus yus tua yus.

Tom qab cov txheej xwm, cov kws ntawv muaj tsis muaj tsis ntseeg txog qhov yuav tsum tau mus sau "Archipelago" txawv teb chaws.

txawv teb chaws

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub Soviet Union ib tug ob peb lub hlis tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tus tshiab "Tus gulag Archipelago." Tus kws sau ntawv twb liam ntawm treason. Lub Soviet xov xwm lug them qhov xwm ntawm tus teeb meem txhaum cai liam cog lus Solzhenitsyn. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub "Archipelago" sau liam ntawm aiding Vlasov thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi twb hais tias txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sensational phau ntawv.

Kom txog thaum lub hnub nyoog kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Solzhenitsyn tsis nres nws kev sau ntawv thiab kev ua si. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tham nrog txawv teb chaws periodicals, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov eighties, Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv qhia cog qoob loo uas nws yuav tsum tau rov qab mus tsev. Ces nws ciali kwv.

rov qab

Nyob rau hauv 1990, Solzhenitsyn xa rov qab. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tau sau heev heev cov khoom nyob rau tam sim no nom tswv thiab kev teeb meem. Ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov nqi uas teev tseg sau rau hauv cov nyiaj them yug ntawm cov neeg raug kaw thiab lawv tsev neeg. Ib them - nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm lub Chernobyl cov neeg raug NPP. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm St. Andrey Pervozvannogo txawj sau ntawv tseem tsis kam, xam nws kam coj txiav txim tawm tsam cov puav pheej ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws lub hwj chim, uas tau coj lub teb chaws rau nws tam sim no thov txim xeev.

Solzhenitsyn - ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nws suav hais tias ib tug dissident thiab nationalist. Solzhenitsyn tsis pom zoo nrog rau qhov no saib, arguing tias nws - Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv uas hais saum toj no tag nrho cov hlub lawv teb chaws.