Markus hma: Biography, kev ua si, cov duab

Koj puas paub tias leej twg yog lub taub hau ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev ntse nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no? Leej twg yog Markus hma? Peb tham txog lub taub hau ntawm lub Main txawj ntse Department, hais txog nws tsev neeg thiab lub neej.

biography

Markus hma yug 01.19.1923 nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Hechingen. Nws loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab playwright. Tom qab Hitler tuaj rau lub hwj chim nto moo rau nws provocative has lug hab txiv Marcus nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yog yus.

Tsiv nyob rau hauv Russia

Tom qab nyob rau tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Sweden thiab Fabkis, Wolff tsiv mus rau Lavxias teb sab capital. Muaj lawv muab Soviet pej xeem. Tom qab ob ntiaj teb rog Marcus tsev neeg raug evacuated mus Bashkiria. Muaj, Markus hma mus rau ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv uas npaj cov tub txawg nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab ua phem tom qab tus yeeb ncuab kab.

Kawm Tiav thiab thawj txoj hauj lwm

Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, Markus hma twb raug xa mus Berlin. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1945 nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Berlin xov tooj cua thiab nyob rau hauv lub sau ib tsab ntawm tus "Berliner Zeitung". Nyob rau hauv 1946, ua ke nrog rau lwm cov Correspondents, hma muab kev sib tham nrog lub Nuremberg tej kev txom nyem.

By 1950, Marcus muaj lub diplomatic kev txawj ntse thiab reporter kev ua si, raws li zoo raws li mus xyuas European lub teb chaws. 02.08.1950 xyoo tom qab lub tsim ntawm lub GDR, twb tsim Department ntawm lub teb chaws ruaj ntseg ( "Stasi"). Lawv muaj xws li kev tshawb kawm, daim npog qhov ncauj thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm nyiaj txiag cov kev tshawb fawb tsev. Txij thaum nws cov inception, Markus hma los ua ib feem ntawm nws cov kev tswj.

Los ntawm 1958 mus 1987, tus tub ntawm tus playwright raug tsa taub hau ntawm lub ntsiab undercover coj noj coj ua, thiab yog deputy minister ntawm lub teb chaws ruaj ntseg ntawm cov GDR. Thaum lub sij hawm nws cov kev tswj ntawm lub German koom pheej ywj pheej muaj qhov zoo tshaj neeg soj xyuas kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm lub Warsaw Pact. Qhov loj tshaj kev kho nws cov koom haum saib xyuas xws li NATO ntaus financier Rainer Rupa.

sacking

Nyob rau hauv 1983, hma resigned, tab sis nws thov xam tau tias yog tsuas yog tom qab 3 lub xyoos. Tom qab lub reunification ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees lub taub hau ntawm lub Central txawj ntse Markus hma, thov lub socio-thoj chaw los ntawm lub Soviet Union, tab sis twb tsis kam.

treason

Cov kev tau pom lub kuaj lub cev uas tau tuag txawj ntse archives, kev tsim txom ntawm nws lug txhawb cov miv, raws li zoo raws li kom ciaj sia lub 3 tej kev txom nyem rau nws tus kheej. Colonel-General Marcus hma twb them nrog siab treason. Nyob rau hauv 1993, nws twb raug txim los ntawm lub High Tsev Hais Plaub ntawm Düsseldorf rau 6 xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Qhov kev txiav txim tom qab muab tso tseg.

Phau ntawv hma

Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv sau Markus hma. Biography ntawm General muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws phau ntawv: "Troika" thiab "cov phooj ywg tsis tuag." Cov yav tas sau phau ntawv sawv cev nyob rau hauv Russia.

Markus hma (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1923-2006), raws li peb sab, tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug kws scout, tab sis kuj yog ib tug zoo kawg txawj sau ntawv.

Hmoov zoo ntawm cov sab ntawm Marcus

Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm ib scout ntxhi koob hmoov. Nto moo txaus nyob rau hauv nws lub vajvoog yog Markus hma. Cov tsev neeg, raws li peb pom ua ntej lawm, twb paub ua tsaug rau nws tus txiv, playwright, txawj sau ntawv thiab ib tug Jew. Nyob rau hauv 1937, thaum nws raug ntes los ntawm cov loj ntawm nom tswv uas poob cev qhev, Marcus tsev neeg tseem nyob rau hauv loj. Nws tsis yog tus kawg fluke. Nws yog nthuav tias tom qab tus txheej xwm ntawm lub 37th xyoo rau yav tom ntej cov ntaub ntawv kawm vitae scout twb kiag li huv si ua ntej ntawm tsoom fwv.

Muaj hmoo Wolff thiab tom qab kawm tiav scouts. Tom qab kev kawm nws tau raug xa mus rau pem hauv ntej kab. Yav tas los, yuav luag tag nrho cov inexperienced scouts uas raug xa mus rau cov xyaum tuag. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev tswj Marcus yog tseem ciaj sia.

dizzying hauj lwm

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Wolff tau ua ib tug heev kawg spectacular hauj lwm. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm nees nkaum cuaj xyoos, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub GDR txawj ntse. Marcus tham txog nws cov hauj lwm admired thiab sau txog nws dissertation. Hma nws tus kheej yeej tsis commented rau nws sib xeem khiav cov hauj lwm. Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm lub sij hawm, nws yeej ib txwm teb curtly thiab concisely.

Yog vim li cas rau lub resignation thiab lub neej tom qab nws

Lub caij nyoog ua ntawm lub resignation tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej rau hnub no. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv 1986, Markus hma ntseeg hais tias lub xeev yuav tsum tau ib tug tsis nrug reformation thiab lub GDR coj noj coj ua xav heev txawv. Qhov chaw qhia hais tias qhov no yog vim li cas rau tawm hauv, vim hais tias cov muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Marcus tsis ua cas, thiab nrog rau cov GDR, nws muaj ib tug kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Hma lub resignation nws twb nce mus rau Colonel-General.

Raws li peb piav yav tas los, kuv tau mus rau ib tug laus, Markus hma los ua xav nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv phau ntawv. Der Trojka - nws nto moo tsab, nyob rau hauv uas nws rau txim Stalinism thiab nrog admiration teb txog Gorbachev lub perestroika. General hma yog heev tau yuav tsum tau ntseeg, vim hais tias nws paub txog Stalinism ntau tshaj lwm leej lwm tus. Qhov no ua hauj lwm tau tau chaw tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub GDR, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob.

Interestingly, tus hma tom qab ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv kuj yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab dissidents thiab neeg tua hluav taws rau restructuring nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Txiv neej tsis muaj ib tug ntsej muag

"Tus txiv neej tsis muaj ib tug ntsej muag" - ib tug pseudonym li rau sab hnub poob tau muaj npe Markus hma. Diam duab ntawm Colonel-General yuav tsis tau txais cov scouts. Nws yog nthuav tias thaum hma mus dawb do nyob ib ncig ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1979 lub pab Marcus khiav mus lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab nrhiav nws superior rau ntawm ib lub duab nyob rau hauv Stockholm. Tsis ntev, qhov no yees duab nyob rau hauv lub cover ntawm ib tug magazine.

Nthuav lus tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm ib scout

Raws li peb hais ua ntej lawm, tej lub sij hawm cov tub ntxhais scout nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Uas yog vim li cas nws muaj nws yog hu ua Misha, raws li lub npe Marcus hnyav ncawv "txiav" cov lus xaiv.

Nws yog nthuav tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub tsev kawm ntawv German me nyuam tub nco txog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Tiam mus kawm rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tau ua txog peb teb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, cim thiab style uas tsis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus hais, thiab txawm rau qhov teeb meem kuv flunked cov tub ntxhais nyob rau ... German! Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej Marcus dawb do thiab tsis muaj ib tug luag Iwm haiv neeg hais lus Lavxias teb sab, thiab txawm paub qhov txawv cov kev cai.

Marcus Tsev Neeg. Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv nws lub neej hma twb sib yuav plaub lub sij hawm. Lub xeem lub npe ntawm nws tus poj niam Andrea. Lawv muaj plaub tug me nyuam, kaum ib cov xeeb ntxwv thiab ob tug poj-xeeb ntxwv. Nws yog nthuav tias ib tug ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Scout lub npe Michael raws li ib tug me nyuam thiab hu ua nws tus kheej Marcus. Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej siv nyob rau hauv reconnaissance Berlin nyob rau hauv ib tug villa nrog nws tsev neeg. Tsev neeg nyias muaj nyias haujlwm nyob rau lub villa occupies ib tug ntawm cov qub txhaum cai nyob, uas nws thiaj li los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg, tsis yog ib tug governess.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ob peb xyoos ntawm nws lub neej Marcus nyiam mus so kom txaus nyob rau hauv Hungary thiab ntsib nrog tus qub lug txhawb cov miv dua ib khob kas fes. Txawm tias nws advanced muaj hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej hma feem ntau tsa rau hauv lub qhov teeb meem thiab hais rau ib tug tag nrho amnesty rau yav tas los scouts. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj ntau cov phooj ywg, lug txhawb cov miv thiab comrades Marcus tau tuav thiab tom qab ob-txhiab xyoo.

mysterious neeg

Dua li ntawm qhov German txoj cai, cov nyiaj laus yog them ib tug paltry txawj ntse ua hauj lwm. Markus hma khwv tau lub xeem kaum tsib xyoos uas nws lub neej los ntawm kev sau ntawv phau ntawv, uas yog txhais ua tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, raws li zoo raws li filming documentaries thiab pej xeem lectures. Critics tau qhia lawv admiration nrog kev xav txog cov phau ntawv sau Markus hma. Lawv ntseeg tias tus sau muaj ib tug txuj ci tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev, Scout. Nws paub tias yuav ua li cas qhia tau qhov tseeb li hais tias tom qab nyeem ntawv tseem muaj lus nug ntxiv tshaj cov lus teb.

Kuj ceeb tias, tom qab sau ntawv hma txheej ntawv phau ntawv thiab koom nyob rau hauv lub filming ntawm documentaries, nws tus kheej tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej.

Hma rau interrogations

Hma differed tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug cim txuj ci kev sau ntawv phau ntawv. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias ua ntej nws laus, nws muaj lub interrogations tsis nthuav qhia nws lug txhawb cov miv thiab yeej ib txwm coj lub liam. Marcus yeej ib txwm ntseeg hais tias ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws, raws li lub luag hauj lwm rau lawv. Rau xws li lub siab dawb paug rau nws lub xeem mus sib hais tsis hluas General, tab sis yog acquitted, tab sis twb tsa haum me me nyiaj laus.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm txhua yam, tus ntsuj plig ntawm Marcus yog yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Nws yeej tsis nres kev hlub nws. Nws yog nrog no thiab lwm yam nws paub zoo txog cov lus, txawm lub fact tias ntau xyoo dhau lawm txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob muaj. Kom txog thaum lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, General tu ncua mus xyuas nws tus muam, uas nyob rau hauv lub Embankment nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab siab kawg rau cov Lavxias teb sab nroog.

Qhov tseem tiag tiag li puas

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib tham ua ntej nws tuag, tus neeg sau xov xwm hais Wolff txog lub brightest puas thaum yau. Kuj ceeb tias, Marcus hais tias lub feem ntau tsim nyog nco kev tshwm sim - yog pub ntxiv tshaj qhov Hluas Communist League, raws li zoo raws li ib tug lub caij ntuj sov camp.

Great cwm pwm

Zoo kawg txiv neej yog Markus hma. Xyoo ntawm yug me nyuam thiab kev tuag muab faib cov eighty-plaub xyoos, rau cov uas Markus txawv nws tus kheej raws li ib tug txiv neej, ib tug txawj sau ntawv thiab txawj ntse tub ceev xwm muaj ib tug capital tsab ntawv. Dua li ntawm qhov kev cov nyom ntawm lub neej, hma twg thiaj zoo dua txhua txhua xyoo. Txawm tias ua ntej nws tuag, nws yog incredibly active thiab neeg zoo. Nws yog ib txwm zoo siab rau hais lus rau cov neeg thiab muab tswv yim. Hma muaj zoo kawg thiab txawj ntse thiab yuav daws tau tej teeb meem. Nws yeej ib txwm tau ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees. Tiam nws yeej tsis tau muab nws lug txhawb cov miv. Xws li ib tug zoo txiv neej yeej muaj ib tug ntau mus kawm.