Minsk Tsev fuabtais: Keeb Kwm

Ming xauv - ib tug fortification, cim pib ntawm cov niaj hnub capital ntawm Belarus. Hmoov tsis, nws tsis ciaj sia, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ib tug yuav nrhiav tau ntau cov ntaub ntawv nrog nws cov lus piav qhia. Lawv muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws qhov tsos thiab cov xwm txheej uas tau muaj nyob hauv cov phab ntsa fortress, zoo li dhau mus.

Foundation

Minsk Tsev fuabtais tau ua nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua thib 11 ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Svisloch thiab Nemiga cov dej ntws. Tus aim ntawm strengthening lub hauv paus lawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub yav qab teb ciam teb rau lwm cov Principality ntawm Polotsk. Zaum ntseeg hais tias qhov kev txiav txim kom nteg lub tsev fuabtais, feem ntau yuav, tuaj ntawm Vseslav Bryachislavich, nicknamed lub Sorcerer. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xeeb ntawm cov neeg Rurik, uas txiav txim rau lub Polotsk principality rau ntau tshaj 57 xyoo, xav tau ib lub fortress uas yuav tiv thaiv nws cov khoom thiab kev lag luam tawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob.

Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nemiga

Thawj pav ntawm lub fortress Minsk, los yog theej Menesk, yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov "Tale ntawm Bygone Xyoo". Muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yog nyob rau hauv 1067 tus tub ntawm Yaroslav tus ntse, uas txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv Kiev, tuaj nrog ib pab tub rog hauv nws phab ntsa. Lub nroog council tsis kam qhib lub rooj vag, tab sis qhov tsis kam ntawm Minskers tau sai sai no. Cov kwv tij Yaroslaviches yuav thiab rhuav tshem cov nroog, thiab ces tuaj rau tus cawm troops yeej Vseslava Bryachislavicha nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Nemiga dej.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th

Nyob rau hauv 1101, tom qab kev tuag ntawm cov qub tub huabtais, nws cov qub txeeg qub teg faib cov khoom ntawm nws txiv. Vim li ntawd, Menesk dhau los ntawm Gleb Vseslavich, uas tshaj tawm tias lub nroog lub peev ntawm nws cais cov thawj tswj hwm. Ua tsaug rau qhov xwm txheej tshiab thiab thaj chaw zoo siab, lub nroog tau pib tsim ntawm kev ceev nrooj.

Twb tau los ntawm 1104 lub tsev fuabtais Minsk dua los ua ib lub nkoj loj txaus thiab tiv thaiv cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Kiev tus coj Putyata, nrog los ntawm princes Yaroslav Vladimirovich thiab Oleg Svyatoslavich. Tom qab 12 xyoo, hais txog 2 lub hlis, lub monastery sim ntes cov fortress thiab Vladimir Monomakh, leej twg, txawm li cas los, yuav tsum rov qab, ntxias ntawm lub futility ntawm lub quab yuam.

Qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 12 ntawm cov av uas niaj hnub nim no thaj tsam ntawm Belarus niaj hnub raug cim los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nrog kev ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub Polotsk prince Rogvolod Borisovich coj ib feem active. Tau muab pov thawj sau ntaub ntawv pov thawj tias nws pab tub rog tsis tau txais lub tsev fuabtais Minsk xyoo 1159, 1160 thiab 1161 xyoos.

Nyob rau hauv 13-16 centuries

Coj txawv txawv raws li nws yuav zoo li, muaj suab tsis paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais Minsk thiab nws ncig ntawm thaum ntxov 1200s mus txog nruab nrab ntawm lub 1320s. Ib tug yuav tsuas xav hais tias vim lub Mongol ntxeem tau, cov raids ntawm lub Golden Horde thiab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab xeev nqi zog twb zoo heev tsis muaj zog txaus thiab pib mus nrhiav kev pab los ntawm Lithuania twb nkag mus rau hauv lub hwj. Qhov no yog pom los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib daim ntawv sau hnub 1324 xyoo. Tom qab 120 xyoo lub Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Kazimir lub plaub tso Minsk ib tug charter ntawm privileged lub zos. Tom qab ntawd, thaum nws tus tub, nws tau txais lub Magdeburg Law. Yog li, cov niaj hnub capital ntawm Belarus tau txais ib par nrog ntau nto moo lub zos ntawm medieval teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab cov se tau tshwj xeeb tau them rau ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, thiab nws raug suav tias yog lub tseem fwv, tub rog thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv cheeb tsam, thiab cov nyob ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th lub fortress yog ntawm cov tub rog qhov tseem ceeb.

Xyoo pua 16th

Nyob rau hauv 1505 lub horde ntawm tus Crimean Khan Mahmet-Giray tuaj rau phab ntsa ntawm Minsk tsev fuabtais. Nws yog paub tias defenders ntawm lub nroog ua ntej tsov rog defended moleben nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tsev fuabtais, tab sis nws tas hauv defeat tiv thaiv. Lub Tatars ravaged Minsk thiab hijacked kaum ntawm txhiab tus txiv neej, cov me nyuam thiab cov poj niam. Lub tsev fuabtais tseem ua tsis tau.

Nyob rau hauv 1547, ib tug zoo khaum hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txaus ntshai hluav taws suab puas lawm Minsk. Lub xauv (duab ntawm kos duab, ua raws li cov ntsiab ntawm archaeological excavations pom saum toj no) ib feem hlawv. Txoj hauj lwm kom rov qab tau muab coj los qeeb thiab tsis txaus. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd nws tau xiam nws lub ntsiab lus, tuaj rau lub desolation thiab pib mus ua cev qhuav dej.

Ntxiv keeb kwm

Hmoov tsis, hnub no Minsk Castle nyob hauv Minsk tsis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas. Yog hais tias lub ntiaj teb ramparts tseem pom pom los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua paub - los ntawm pib ntawm 19th centuries, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom nrhiav tau txawm lawv rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo. Nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub peev ntawm Belarus muaj kev npaj mus rau reconstruct no ancient fortress. Nws yog assumed tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus piav qhia tseem muaj lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tsev fuabtais yuav rov qab los, thiab nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Svisloch, ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab lub ciav nyob pem hauv ntej ntawm Kev Ua Si Palace, yuav tsim ib txoj tshiab. Nws tau npaj tseg tias nws cov qauv yuav muaj xws li qis dua lag luam, lub tsev khaws puav underground, nrog rau tus qauv av loj, uas yog ib qho fragment ntawm xyoo pua 12th xyoo pua Minsk. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum rhuav tshem lub gym "Labor Reserves", nyob ntawm Prospect Pobediteley, 2.

Kev piav qhia ntawm lub tsev fuabtais

Cov pov thawj feem ntau ntawm cov tsos thiab tsim nta ntawm lub fortress yog fwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua paub. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias los ntawm sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub tsev fuabtais cheeb tsam yog swamped, uas muab zoo tiv thaiv kev tsim kho. Tsob ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo paj ntoo tseem tuaj yeem ua rau lub hom phiaj no. Nws cia qhib hluav taws los ntawm cov kab sab nrauv hauv lub nroog phab ntsa nrog lawv tag nrho puag ncig. Pib, lub qhov ncej tau muaj qhov dav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm 14 m ntawm lub hauv paus, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau nthuav mus rau 22-25 m thiab nws tau tiv thaiv tau tiv thaiv Minsk. Lub tsev fuabtais (qhov chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Square hauv lub Peb Hlis 8), tshaj lij, nws cov phab ntsa, muaj ib qhov siab ntawm 5 m, thiab nrog rau lub qhov ncauj - 13 m. Cov defensive earthen mound muaj ob ruptures - nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Los ntawm lawv dhau Txoj Kev Loj. Kev nkag mus rau ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub fortress yog nyob rau ib sab tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug coj qhia ntawm lub qhov tob, uas tso cai rau firing tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm flanks, yog hais tias nws xav mus ua txhaum los ntawm lub qhov rooj.

Raws li ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm archaeological nws tau tsim tias lub tsev fuabtais thaj chaw uas tau paved nrog ntoo decking thiab muab faib ntawm cov neeg vaj tse, uas tau kaw cov courtyards, ua tau los ntawm ntau lub tsev.

Tam sim no koj paub li cas Minsk tau txhim kho. Lub tsev fuabtais (nyob qhov twg nws nyob, saib saum toj no) yog tias nws qhov kev tsim kho yuav dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam ntawm Belarus, yog li cia siab tias tsis ntev no lub tsev keeb kwm yuav pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov yeeb koob.