Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: biography thiab tej hauj lwm

Nikolai Karamzin, uas nws biography pib lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 1766, yug nyob rau hauv Simbirsk xeev nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg txom nyem noble tsev neeg ntawm educated thiab enlightened cov niam txiv. Tus thawj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntiav xibfwb Shadena. Tom qab hais tias, zoo li ntau lwm secular tub ntxhais hluas, nws mus ua hauj lwm hauv lub tiv thaiv, uas twb yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, Nikolai Karamzin, ib tug luv luv biography uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no rau tus thawj lub sij hawm kom meej meej paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev, sib txawv los ntawm qhov dog dig: ib txoj hauj lwm, kev sib raug zoo raws li txoj cai, rank thiab honors. Tag nrho cov no tsis nyiam lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv. Tom qab ua hauj lwm hauv cov tub rog tsawg tshaj li ib xyoo, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tsawg nyob qib lieutenant nyob rau hauv 1784, nws resigned thiab rov qab mus rau nws cov haiv neeg Simbirsk.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug lub xeev Simbirsk

Externally Karamzin nyob puas ntsoog, ua li khiav ri lub neej ntawm ib tug txiv neej, ci ntsa iab tsam tus cwj pwm zoo thiab gallant tus cwj pwm zoo nrog rau tej. Nikolai Mikhailovich fashionable dresses, menyuam lawv cov tsos, ua si phaib. Thaum lub ntsig txog lub xeev cov khoom nws yog ntse thiab ci ntsa iab cavalier. Tab sis tag nrho cov no - tsuas yog cov sab nraud ces nws cim.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, Karamzin, uas nws biography yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv heev npaj txhij txog lem ntawm cov txheej xwm, thiab tiag xav txog lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej, nyeem ib tug ntau, tau ntsib interesting neeg. Nws twb tau txais ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv, tab sis tseem evolve los ntawm kis kev paub tshiab nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb. Feem ntau cov Karamzin xav nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, ntaub ntawv thiab philosophy.

Tsev Neeg phooj ywg Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason thiab txawj sau ntawv, twb muaj nyob rau hauv zoo kawg kev phooj ywg nrog Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (uas kuj yog ib tug Mason, ib tug txawj ntse sau xov xwm, cov phau ntawv publisher thiab satirist), nws ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv. Nyob rau ntawm nws suggestion, Nikolai Mikhailovich tsiv mus rau Moscow thiab tau ntsib nrog rau lub voj voog ntawm Novikov. Yog li pib ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, yuav tsum vov lub sij hawm los ntawm 1785 mus 1789 xyoo. Wb hais ib ob peb lo lus hais txog nws nyias.

Kawm paub txog lub Masons

Cov plaub-xyoo kev sib cuag nrog ib lub voj voog ntawm Masons yeej hloov txoj kev Karamzin, nws lub neej thiab kev xav. Nco ntsoov tias lub keeb kwm ntawm Freemasonry nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsis tau tag nrho to taub. Nws tau ntev raug suav hais tias science li yeej tseem zoo reactionary. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo, ib tug taw tes ntawm view rau qhov no yog sib txawv dog dig.

Masonic lodges yog tshwj xeeb ncaj ncees thiab kev cai dab qhuas voj voog, raws li rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ces nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lwm lub xeev, xws li peb lub teb chaws. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub Code, uas professed tus Masons, yog qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm sab ntsuj plig zoo tag nrho ntawm tus txiv neej. Lawv yog nws nom tswv kev pab cuam, lom zem ntau txog cov kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev ncaj ncees. Rau cov kev ua ub no ntawm Freemasons tau yus ib tug theatrical ritual, paub tsis meej, jousting thiab lwm yam tej kab ke, muaj ib tug mystical connotation. Nws yog tag nrho ntawm kev txawj ntse sab ntsuj plig, yus muaj los ntawm ncaj ncees hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab paub. Masons khaws cia sib nrug. Hais tias xws li ib tug piav nyob rau hauv cov kev cua ib puag ncig txij li thaum Karamzin. Nws pib sib txuas lus nrog nthuav cov neeg: Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (saib duab hauv qab no) thiab Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Tej yam xws li exceptional personalities muab ib tug haib impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau ntawv txuj ci thiab nws muaj tswv yim tus kheej txiav txim.

Thawj Karamzin translates rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntawv tseeb, thiab tom qab pib sau ntawv rau lub magazine "Cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv", lub publisher ntawm uas yog Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, nws thawj poetic tej hauj lwm. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm uas nws paub ntawm nws lub peev xwm raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv.

Tiam sis ntawm no xaus lub sij hawm ntawm nws tus kheej txiav txim, thiab nrog nws lub Masonic lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm cov tub ntxhais txawj sau ntawv. Ntas Masonic lodges los ua ze rau nws, nws xav paub tias lub neej nyob rau hauv nws cov richness, nws muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav los ua ib tug kev txawj sau ntawv, koj xav ua thawj zaug nws zoo thiab phem sab. Yog li ntawd, Karamzin, uas nws biography yog suav tias yog tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm phau ntawv no, tawm hauv lub masons thiab Ixama ib txoj kev.

Travelling nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe

Ua li no, Nikolai Mikhailovich pw nws taluk thiab txiav txim siab los siv tag nrho cov nyiaj nyob rau ib qho chaw twg rau teb chaws Europe, ces mus rau piav qhia txog nws. Nws yog ib tug heev bold thiab txawv txawv kauj ruam rau lub sij hawm. Tom qab tag nrho, rau Karamzin nws meant muab lub neej nyob rau lub nyaij ntawm lub roj ntsha av thiab txhawb lawv tus kheej los ntawm lub zog ntawm serfs. Tam sim no Nikolai Mikhailovich muaj mus khwv tau ib tug nyob los ntawm lawv tus kheej ua hauj lwm rau kev txawj sau ntawv.

Txawv teb chaws, nws siv txog ib lub xyoo thiab ib nrab hnub, tau mus ncig mus rau Switzerland, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, England thiab France. Karamzin, uas nws biography yog piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, tau ntsib nrog nthuav thiab tseem ceeb neeg ntawm cov teb chaws, tsis xis nyob zoo li ib tug lub xeev, cov sawv cev kuv lub teb chaws ib tug heev tsim nyog. Nws saib, mloog, thiab kaw. Nikolai Mikhailovich attracted tus neeg lub tsev, keeb kwm qhov chaw, factories, universities, txoj kev festivals, khw, rustic tshoob.

Nws yog los soj ntsuam thiab muab piv rau lub cim thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm ib tug haiv neeg, kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus, sau nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv piav txog txoj kev scenes, khaws cia ib tug cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov sib txawv kev sib tham thiab lawv tus kheej reflections. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1790 Karamzin rov qab mus rau Russia, thiab ces pib mus rau luam tawm cov "Moscow Journal", uas txo nws hwj cov khoom, dab neeg, kwv huam. Muaj tau luam, thiab tus naas ej "Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab Traveler", thiab coj nws zoo koob meej, "Tsis Liza".

Cov ntawv ntawm almanacs

Nyob rau tom ntej no ob peb xyoos, Nikolai Mikhailovich luam tawm anthologies, cov uas yog ib tug peb-volume anthology "Aoide", sau nyob rau hauv nqe lus no, raws li zoo raws li ib tug sau ntawm "Kuv trifles", uas muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov dab neeg thiab kwv huam. Yuav kom Karamzin los koob meej. Nws yog lub npe hu thiab hlub tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ob capitals (Moscow thiab St. Petersburg), tab sis thoob plaws Russia.

Lub keeb kwm tshiab "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Ib qho ntawm thawj ua hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin, sau nyob rau hauv prose, yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (ib hom ntawv nyeem - keeb kwm tshiab). Nws twb sau ntev ua ntej tus mob siab rau rau lub novels Valtera Skotta pib nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg Karamzin khees attraction rau antiquity, classics li cov unattainable zoo tagnrho ntawm morality, yog npaj raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub nruab nrab 1790s nyob rau hauv Utopia "Athenian lub neej."

Nyob rau hauv lub epic, lub ancient daim ntawv ntawm cov tawm tsam ntawm Novgorod thiab Moscow tau nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, Nikolai Karamzin. "Governor tus poj niam" seb puas tsimnyog tau ib qho tseem ceeb philosophical lus nug: txog lub monarchy thiab cov koom pheej, cov neeg thiab cov thawj coj ntawm "divine" keeb kwm predestination thiab tsis mloog lus ntawm tus neeg mus rau nws. Lub sympathies ntawm tus sau twb kom meej meej nyob rau sab ntawm lub Novgorodians thiab Mathas, thiab tsis yog tus monarchical Moscow. Zaj dab neeg no muaj ntes tau thiab ideological contradictions ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv. Lub keeb kwm qhov tseeb yog, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv sab ntawm Novgorod. Txawm li cas los, Novgorod yog doomed, phem omens yog precursors thaum muaj xwm ceev kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nroog, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau ntsib.

Cov zaj dab neeg "Tsis Liza"

Tab sis qhov loj tshaj kev kawm tau zoo yog zaj dab neeg "Tsis Liza", uas yog luam tawm rov qab rau hauv 1792. yog ib qho nyob rau hauv Western ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua, zaj dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas ib tug nom seduced cov neeg pluag los yog petty bourgeois, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ua ntej tsim nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg Karamzin. Biography coj dawb huv, zoo nkauj hluas nkauj, thiab lub tswv yim hais tias zoo xws li cov tragic txoj hmoo kuj muaj nyob hauv lub surrounding kev muaj tiag, pab mus rau qhov zoo kawg thiab kev kawm tau zoo ntawm cov khoom no. Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias NM Karamzin ( "Tsis Liza" yog nws "ua lag ua luam daim card") qhia nws txawj nyeem ntawv rau daim ntawv ceeb toom cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm niam qhov thiab hlub nws. Humanistic orientation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tau invaluable rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm.

Tale "Natalia, cov Boyar ntxhais"

Nyob rau hauv tib 1792, nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg "Natalia, Boyar tus ntxhais." Nws tsis yog zoo li lub npe hu ua lub "Tsis Liza", tab sis yuav tseem ceeb heev ncaj ncees cov lus nug uas nyuaj nws lub contemporaries NM Karamzin. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hwm.

Alex nkawv Natalia, yog ib tug txiv neej coj ncaj uas tau txais kev pab Lavxias teb sab tsar. Yog li ntawd nws lees txim nws "txhaum" uas kidnapped ntxhais Matthew Andreyev nyiam Boyar sovereign. Tab sis tus huab tais foom koob hmoov rau lawv lub neej, pom tias Alex - ib tug dlej txiv neej. Nws ua rau thiab cov hluas nkauj tus txiv. Concluding zaj dab neeg, tus sau sau hais tias ob peb nyob kaj siab lug thiab raug faus ua ke. Lawv txawv los ntawm ib tug hlub nws tiag tiag thiab muab siab npuab Vajtswv mus rau lub Emperor.

Nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg, uas yog tsim los ntawm Karamzin ( "Boyar ntxhais"), qhov teeb meem ntawm yawm yog inseparable los ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm tus huab tais. Zoo siab yog ib tug uas hlub tus huab tais. Yog li ntawd, lub neej ntawm tsev neeg no muaj zoo li ntawd, vim hais tias kev tsim txiaj yog lub nqi zog ntawm.

yuav tsum tau txais kev lees paub

Provincial hluas qhab nia rau tej hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin. Xam qhovkev rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm ib qho yooj yim, conversational, tej yam ntuj tso style, elegant thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kev ywj pheej artistic yam twb revolutionary nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub xaav ntawm cov pej xeem tej hauj lwm. Thawj tsim lub notion ntawm ib tug exciting, interesting nyeem ntawv, thiab nrog nws cov teev uas cov zajlus sau.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, biography thiab creativity uas attracts ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg, nyiam zoo chaw. Nyob rau hauv Moscow attracts siab hluas neeg los ntawm thoob plaws lub teb chaws cia li mus saib tus nyiam sau ntawv. Lysine pas dej, los ua nto moo rau tus txheej xwm ntawm zaj dab neeg "Tsis Liza" yog yuav mus nyob rau ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub suburban lub zos ntawm Kolomenskoye, nws pib mus ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug leb qhov chaw, tuaj ntawm no, mus rau ib tug tshaj tawm ntawm kev hlub los yog tu siab nyob ib leeg.

Ua hauj lwm rau lub "Keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev"

Tom qab ib tug thaum Karamzin sharply thiab mam li nco dheev hloov nws lub neej. Tawm cov ntawv tseeb, nws yog coj raws li ib tug zoo kawg keeb kwm ua hauj lwm - "Cov Keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev." Lub tswv yim ntawm no ua hauj lwm, thaj, tau ntev tau loj hlob tuaj los nyob rau hauv nws lub siab.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua pib lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv, tus nyiam tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Catherine II. Tus thawj lub sij hawm, nws yog ib tug tsis nrug thiab enlightened kav. Lub keeb kwm narrative txawm nkag mus hauv lub npe raws li "Alexander Caij nplooj ntoos hlav".

Karamzin phooj ywg thiab yav tas los tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais huab tais, MN Ntsaum intercede rau Nikolai Mikhailovich raug tsa lub tsev hais plaub historian. Qhov no lub sij hawm tseem ceeb heev rau Karamzin, thiab qhia rau nws ib tug lossis loj lub sij hawm. Tam sim no nws tau txais nyiaj laus (raws li peb paub, lwm yam txhais tau tias ntawm livelihood ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv tsis yog). Tab sis tseem ceeb tshaj, nws muaj kev nkag tau mus rau keeb kwm archives, yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, uas nws biography yog hais rau koj, plunged rau hauv qhov chaw ua hauj lwm: nws nyeem phau tau txhais thiab phau ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, analyzed lub ancient tomes, cuv npe, piv.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam loj loj ua hauj lwm ua historian Karamzin. Tom qab cov creation ntawm lub kaum ob tagnrho ntawm nws "Keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev" siv nees nkaum peb xyoo ntawm zog ua hauj lwm, los ntawm 1803 mus 1826 Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov keeb kwm cov txheej xwm yog sib txawv, kom deb li deb li sai tau, impartiality thiab kev cia siab, raws li zoo li ib tug zoo nkauj kos duab style. Lub narrative twb coj mus rau lub "lub sij hawm muaj kev kub ntxhov" nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev. Kev tuag ntawm Nikolai Mikhailovich tsis pub mus nqa tawm ib tug loj-scale txoj kev npaj mus rau thaum xaus.

Karamzin ua hauj lwm, nws sau hais tias mus kaum ob tagnrho, ua raws li ib leeg, tshwm sim los muaj ntau yam kev txawj nyeem ntawv cov lus teb. Tej zaum rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv luam phau ntawv tau provoked ib tug surge ntawm lub teb chaws nco qab ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Karamzin sab neeg nws zaj dab neeg thiab piav qhia nws yav dhau los.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm zog ntaus nqi es ambiguously. Yog li, txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub cov hluas tau inclined mus rau dispute cov nyiaj them yug ntawm lub monarchy, uas tsom nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm "Cov Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev" Karamzin historian. Ib tug tub hluas Pushkin txawm sau tau ib bold epigrams rau lub venerable historian nyob rau hauv cov xyoo. Raws li nws, qhov no ua hauj lwm tau muaj pov thawj "yuav tsum muaj cov autocracy thiab lub nplhaib ntawm tus nplawm."

Karamzin, cov phau ntawv yuav tsis tso nej tsis muaj ab tsi, nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau thuam yeej ib txwm tau tsawg-qhov tseem ceeb, twj ywm ntaus nqi raws li ridicule thiab qhuas.

Tswv yim rau lub "Keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev" A. Pushkin

Khiav mus St. Petersburg, nws, txij li thaum 1816, nyob txhua txhua lub caij ntuj sov nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo nrog nws tsev neeg. Karamzins - hospitable fwjchim luj kawg nkaus uas nyob rau hauv lawv nyob xws nto moo paj huam raws li Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky thiab Batyushkov thiab educated hluas. Muaj feem ntau cov tub ntxhais AS Pushkin enthusiastically mloog hais kwv huam laus, tu nws tus poj niam, NM Karamzin, tsis hluas, tiam sis charming thiab ntse poj niam, uas nws dared txawm xa ib tug tshaj tawm ntawm kev hlub. Ntse thiab tej tswv yim dag Karamzin zam txim rau tus tub hluas raws li nws bold epigrams on "History".

Kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, Pushkin, twb ib tug paub tab tus txiv neej, ib tug txawv saib txoj hauj lwm zoo Nikolai Mikhailovich. Nyob rau hauv 1826, thaum nyob rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv St Michael lub, nws sau nyob rau hauv "Sau ntawv rau pej xeem kev kawm ntawv" uas Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yuav tsum tau qhia raws li Karamzin, thiab hu nws ua hauj lwm tsis yog ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov poj historian, tab sis kuj yog ib tug feat ntawm ib tug txiv neej coj ncaj.

Nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm Alexander, nws tsis yog ib tug piav tes piav taw ntawm loyalty rau tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev zam txim thiab rov qab los ntawm exile. Tsis tag nrho, vim hais tias ib lub xyoo tom qab, tom qab rov qab Pushkin dua peb rov qab mus rau lub "Keeb kwm", ib zaug dua txaus siab rau nws cov high.

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Karamzin yam ntxwv yuav tsis tau ua kom tiav tsis muaj ib tug piav qhia ntawm lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej. Lub kaum xyoo tau zoo siab heev. Nws yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm lub tsar, Alexander I. Cov phooj ywg feem ntau taug kev ua ke nyob rau hauv cov tiaj ua si, ib tug ntev lub sij hawm hais lus, peacefully thiab maj. Nws yog tau hais tias cov huab tais, paub txog cov kev ua siab dawb pub thiab decency Nikolai Mikhailovich, hais rau nws ntau npaum li cas tshaj lub palace ua hauj lwm. Karamzin feem ntau tsis pom zoo nrog rau cov lus thiab kev xav ntawm Alexander I. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis coj ua txhaum nyob rau nws, thiab mloog kom zoo zoo thiab coj sau ntawv. "Ib tug ceeb toom rau cov thaum ub thiab tshiab Russia", uas cov kws ntawv hais huab tais, muaj ib co ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv uas lub historian tsis pom zoo nrog rau tsoom fwv txoj cai ntawm lub sij hawm.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, uas nws phau ntawv twb nrov heev thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, tsis rau siab rau tej khoom plig, los yog vim li cas. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws muaj ib tug sash, uas nws, Txawm li cas los, yeej ib txwm kho nrog irony thiab kev lom zem.