Nonspecific kev tiv thaiv: txhais, mechanisms, yam thiab nta

Tiv thaiv yog ib tug complex ntawm kev tiv thaiv yam uas muab lub cev kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau tus tsis zoo los ntawm lwm cov neeg ua hauj. Cov yav tas, piv txwv li, xws li cov kab mob, co toxins, cov kab mob, txawv teb chaws lub cev. Nyob rau hauv science yog ob hom ntawm kev tiv thaiv: meej thiab uas tsis yog-kev. Cov yav tas yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

General yam ntxwv

направлен против любого антигена. Tsis tseem ceeb tiv thaiv qhia tawm tsam tej yam antigen. Kab lub allergic ntawm txawv teb chaws muaj teeb meem ntaub ntawv uas tsim nyog teb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua tau humoral los yog cellular theem. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj ib lo lus teb yog generated los ntawm ua antibacterial tebchaw. обеспечивает захват инородных веществ и цитотоксический эффект. Tsis-kev cellular tiv thaiv enables cov capture ntawm txawv teb chaws muaj teeb meem thiab ib tug cytotoxic nyhuv.

ntsiab

) представлены в виде анатомических барьеров, секреторных молекул и прочих компонентов. Tsis-kev tiv thaiv yam (tiv thaiv) uas hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov anatomical tej, secretory molecules thiab lwm yam. Cov yav tas los xws li lub epithelial khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm txheej, daim tawv nqaij, bronchopulmonary cilia hloov mus hloov los thiab txo plob tsis so tswj. считается врожденным. Tsis-hom ntawm kev tiv thaiv yog suav tias yog tsis tseem ceeb.

txhua yam lug

формируют различные барьеры для инородных агентов. Lub cev yam uas tsis yog-kev cell-kho hom haum xeeb kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam teeb meem rau txawv teb chaws cov neeg ua hauj. Raws li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj tej yog cov epithelial nto. Cov teeb meem yog zoo impervious rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg. Tus thawj chaw khuam siab yog ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Desquamation (Zaubqhw) epithelium txhawb kev tshem tawm ntawm cov kab mob thiab lwm yam kab mob lub cev. Plab hnyuv peristalsis, ciliary zog muab tso tawm ntawm lub pa system thiab tus mob huam los ntawm microorganisms. Qaub ncaug thiab kua muag, ntxuav lub qhov ncauj thiab ob lub qhov muag, ua rau kom cov kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd muab kev tiv thaiv thiab pab kom ua taus mucosa thiab hnyuv ib ntsuj av.

tshuaj tebchaw

Tsis-kev tiv thaiv yog muab nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Attendance tseem ceeb yog li tshuaj tebchaw tsim thaum lub sij hawm allergic cov neeg ua hauj. Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob slowed down nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hws fatty acids. Destabilizing ntxim rau cov daim nyias nyias ntawm pathogens muaj phospholipase thiab lysozyme tam sim no nyob rau hauv tej kua ntswg, los kua muag thiab qaub ncaug. Kab mob kev loj hlob slows thiab cov uas tsis muaj pH ntawm pais plab kua thiab hws. Muaj antimicrobial kev ua si ntawm tsawg molecular yuag cov nqaijrog (defensins) tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub mob huam thiab lub ntsws. Lub cev muaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab nyob rau hauv lub mob huam yog tau los mus tiv thaiv colonization ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob los ntawm cov cim ntawm tshuaj lom tebchaw los yog sib tw nrog cov kab mob rau Symptoms rau ib tug saum npoo los yog cov as-ham.

Nonspecific kev tiv thaiv: humoral theem

Yeej, anatomical obstacles tiv thaiv colonization ntawm chaw los ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob no zoo heev. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj tej txhaum. Qhov no pub rau teeb meem tebchaw mus rau hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, uas tsis yog-kev tiv thaiv yog tshuab txais nyob rau hauv lub humoral theem. Nws hais yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab los yog noog nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm kab mob localization.

system

Thaum tob tob rau hauv lub cev ntawm pathogenic ua hauj lawm yog tshuab txais kev tiv thaiv mechanisms. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv ua raws li cov complement system. Nws ua kom yog nrog los ntawm mobilization ntawm phagocytes, lysosomes, nce nyob rau hauv vascular permeability. Lwm mechanism yog lub coagulation system. Nws yog tshuab txais nyob rau hauv lub heev ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kev puas tsuaj. Ib txhia systems muab cov khoom ntawm nonspecific tiv thaiv teb los ntawm kev ua vascular permeability. Lawv ua raws li chemoattractants - tshuaj uas, koom cov neeg ua hauj, ntxias lawv zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib co cov khoom muaj ib tug antimicrobial nyhuv. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, muaj xws li cov beta-lysine. Qhov no protein yog ua los ntawm platelets thaum lub sij hawm txhaws. Nws lyse ntau Gram-zoo kab mob. Transferrin thiab Lactoferrin khi hlau tsim nyog rau microbial limiting lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Interferons muaj lub peev xwm kom tsis txhob kis replication. Lysozyme yog puas rau cov daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob.

Hlwb nonspecific kev tiv thaiv

Ib feem ntawm cov lus teb rau kab mob nyiam lub mobilization ntawm polymorphonuclear eosinophils, qe, macrophages. Lawv taug kev mus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm localization ntawm cov kab mob. Cov hlwb yog hais tias yuav lub ntsiab kab kws muaj txuj ci uas tsis yog-kev tiv thaiv. Neutrophils - polymorphonuclear leukocytes yuav muab xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kab mob thiab capture kab mob. tiv thaiv kab mob hlwb yuav kom lawv puas tsuaj intracellularly los yog txav mus rau hauv lub extracellular cuab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qe yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kho tom qab tshem tawm ntawm kab mob.

macrophages

Cov ntsiab kuj muaj lub peev xwm mus phagocytose (capture) pathogenic hlwb thiab kom lawv puas tsuaj. Tshem tej paug agents ua nyob rau intracellular theem. Macrophages muaj tej yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lawv muaj peev xwm extracellular (extracellular) kev puas tsuaj. Dhau li ntawm tus hais kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kho.

ntxiv

Dhau li ntawm tus saum toj no hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug uas tsis yog-kev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj ntuj thiab lymphokine-tshuab txais killer hlwb. Cov ntsiab muaj peev xwm tua qog ua hauj lawm ntawm kab mob. Killer hlwb yog tsis suav tias yog ib feem ntawm lub inflammatory teb. Txawm li cas los, uas tsis yog-kev tiv thaiv, lawv ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub system eosinophils. Cov nqaijrog lawv granules yog zoo tiv thaiv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cab.

o

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua hauj lwm pab sib cais ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob thiab lawv cov co toxins nyob rau hauv cov nqaij infiltrated, thiab ces kom lawv puas tsuaj. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub inflammatory txheej txheem yog histamine, serotonin thiab lwm yam biologically active Cheebtsam. Lawv pab mus rau kev nce rau hauv capillary permeability, uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm edema. Cov kua tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hnab khib site agents yog qe, macrophages, antibody, complement. Lawv muab neutralization ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov co toxins. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm o ua kom pom tseeb phagocytes. Lawv tsim ib tug zoo ntawm teeb meem uas tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob. Nws kuj pib noog fibrinogen. Tig mus rau fibrin, nws muab txhaws ntawm me me cov hlab ntsha thiab cov qog. Qhov no tsim ib tug teeb meem rau cov kis ntawm tus kab mob los rau lawv. Lub inflammatory foci lus ntshav mov. Li pib noog acid khoom ntawm metabolism, thiab txo pH. Nws adversely muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab tu tub tu kiv ntawm microorganisms.