Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Oliver Cromwell: ib tug biography ntawm lub commander. Keeb kwm kev tshwm sim ntawm lub Protectorate ntawm Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell - yog ib qho ntawm feem nto moo nuj nqis ntawm lub British lub xeev. Tau kev koob meej ua tsaug rau nws cov tub rog tau thiab kho.
Biography: Kromvel Oliver. Luv luv: lub neej ua ntej tsov rog,
Yug nyob rau hauv 1599 nyob rau hauv Huntingdon County. tus tswv tsev tsev neeg yog neeg txom nyem los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov lus Askiv cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm. Oliver poj koob yawm txwv yuav tsum havzoov rov qab mus rau lub reign ntawm Henry VIII. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm lub genus yog muaj peev xwm mus ua tau ib lub hmoov zoo, confiscating lub teb chaws ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab, tej zaum, mus tau lub siab tshaj plaws title. Ib tiam Cromwell yog nyob ze rau tus huab tais, thiab Tomas Kromvel txawm tau txais kev pab raws li adviser Henry 8 xyoo.
Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog - lub tib lub nroog Huntingdon - Oliver tau txais nws thawj hom kev kawm. Tsev Neeg nruj me ntsis adhered mus rau lub Puritan "ntsuj plig". Yog li ntawd, ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb Cromwell txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv Sidney Sussex College, uas lub npe hu rau nws cov kev cai thiab Protestant Calvinism, uas yog li ntawd, xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv Puritanism. Kev Kawm Ntawv Raws li txoj cai Sciences Thomas twb tsis tau nws los, thiab nws tsis ntev poob tawm. Thaum lub insistence ntawm cov txheeb ze, nws coj mus tus poj niam tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug me me tswv av.
Thaum pib ntawm lub Civil War
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv yog loj hlob dissatisfaction nrog lub hauv paus tseem fwv. Lub meej monarchy ntawm King Charles kuv twb tsis tau mus nqa tawm qhov tsim nyog kho. Huab tais, raws li nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm ces, tau significantly txo tus ntawm lub parliament. Qhov no pab tau nws mus rau restore lub qub teb chaws taxation thiab tswj system. Tej transformations tau tshwm sim los resentment ntawm cov neeg, uas coj mus rau lub uprising.
Ntawm UFW ntawm Puritanism tau sawv cev nyob rau hauv parliament los ntawm ob peb tog, feem ntau ntawm cov uas twb muaj mob loj tsawv ntawm UFW ntawm preservation ntawm tej txoj cai. Tab sis ib feem ntawm lub Puritans tsim ib tog "Roundheads" - ib tug tshaj dhau Protestant koom haum, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas yog los ntawm ib tug kiv puag ncig mus overthrow huab tais. Nws twb mus los ntawm Oliver Cromwell.
Ironsides cavalry
Thaum pib ntawm lub Civil War yuav suav hais tias ib tug hai los ntawm tus huab tais mus ntes tsib MPS. Tom qab hais tias, ob sab pib sib sau ua ke pab tub rog. Cov muaj koob muaj npe tub rog muaj ib tug haib cavalry uas tau muab nws ib tug lossis loj kom zoo dua. Parliament pab tub rog muaj militias uas thawj coj li caj npab. Nws yog ces hais tias Cromwell txiav txim siab los ua ib tug tub cheev xwm ntawm horsemen, uas muaj peev xwm mus tua rov qab muaj koob muaj npe cavalry.
Oliver nws tus kheej yog tsis ua tub rog thiab tsis tau mus los kev cob qhia, tab sis xyoo zemlevladelchestva muab nws ib lub tswv yim hais txog lub caij. Thaum pib ntawm tsov rog, nws tau los ua ib tug thawj tub rog ntawm nees detachment ntawm tsib caug cov neeg. Nws qhia kom lawv tua nyob rau hauv lub zoo ibyam thiab nres los ntawm lub flank. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus los, lub cavalry ntawm Cromwell nyob sab by sab thiab rov ib daim, thaum lub sij hawm muaj koob muaj npe cavalry, muaj raws ntawm ib lub chav kawm ntawv-cov neeg, rov across. Nrhav sai sai yielded tau, thiab Oliver Cromwell los ua tus commander ntawm tus naas ej pab pawg neeg "Ironsides cavalry."
Combat tsev muaj txog 2 txhiab fighters. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau raug kuaj thiab nruj xaiv. Txhua tug tub rog yog ib tug kub siab lug pab ntawm Protestant thiab Puritan. Oliver Cromwell forbade haus thiab kev twv txiaj nyob rau hauv lub camp muab rau nws los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Zoo Heev tus cwj pwm thiab nruj kev qhuab qhia muaj loj dag cawv. Cov neeg hauv zos admired abstainers tua hluav taws thiab massively koom cov tub rog ntawm parliamentarians. Lub camp tau leveled quav hierarchy ntawm keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev twb tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob ze-xaws thiab tus phooj ywg. Rau siab tawv thiab fortitude rau lub battlefield cavalry ntawm Cromwell tau txais lub npe "Ironsides".
Mastering North
Los ntawm nruab nrab-lub caij ntuj sov 1644 parliamentary rog tau tuav lub siege ntawm York - lub ntsiab stronghold ntawm muaj koob muaj npe (royalist) tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub North. Ob tog to taub qhov txawv tshaj plaw tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog, yog li ntawd, faib rau no sector nws zoo tshaj plaws rog. Korol Karl xa nws lawm tub Rupert rau cov kev pab ntawm lub besieged, rau qhov lawv ntshai muab lub nroog garrison. Sudden reinforcements yuam cov tub rog mus thim rov qab parliamentarians. Txhawb los ntawm no txoj kev vam meej, None Rupert koom up nrog rau tus so ntawm lub tub rog thiab marched Marson moor, nrog rau cov aim mus ua txhaum cov tub rog "Roundheads".
Lub Xya hli ntuj 2nd tes ua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm sib ntaus sib tua, tos sib ntaus sib tua. Cov naas ej "gentlemen" nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov 6000, txwv tus ib pab tub rog ntawm horsemen uas coj Oliver Cromwell. Commander tshuav nyob rau hauv cia ib tug me me platoon ntawm Irish caij rau ib qho tseem ceeb lub sijhawm. Lub Cavaliers tuaj rau Marson-Moore 17000th pab tub rog. Parliamentarians twb rau 10 txhiab ntau. Tab sis lub sib ntaus sib tua yog kev lom zem ntau nyob rau cavalry hauj lwm. Cromwell twb nyob rau hauv txoj cai tis. Nws kom nws tus txiv neej tsis mus poob sib nrug tom qab xwb, thiab ua raws li ib qhov chaw. Rupert tiv thaiv cavalry nws tshaaj lancers nrog ntev hmuv rau cov tibneeg, uas ntaus lub caij mus ncaj qha mus hais.
Sib ntaus nyob rau hauv Marson-Moore
Thaum 5 pm twb pib ua ntej bombardment. Tom qab 2 chasa ua si yeeb nkab thiab detachment Cromwell rushed mus tua. Thoob plaws hauv galloping armies clashed nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiv sib ntaus sib tua. Los ntawm cov thawj feeb ntawm lub royalists pib thawb tw. Cuam tshuam zoo superiority fighters. Tag nrho cov neeg caij tsheb twb Rupert thaum yau kawm nyob rau hauv yooj yim tub rog khoom siv tes ua. Oliver Cromwell twb raug mob nyob rau sib ntaus sib tua thiab thau rau ntaub qhwv. Thaum no tus taw tes, nws kom lub zeem cia tub cheev xwm mus ntaus lub flank ntawm "gentlemen." Maneuver ris txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tus yeeb ncuab yuav ua xyem xyav. Thiab ces kuv ua si Oliver thawj koom ruam nyob rau hauv tus nres nyob rau hauv ceev tsim. Sputtered tshaj ib tug loj cheeb tsam caij Rupert yuav txuas tsis tau npaj kuj, thaum parliamentarians rog twb reorganized thiab ib qhov chaw launched ib tug tshiab nres.
Tau ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua
Tsaug rau ib tug muaj kev vam meej cavalry kev txiav txim ntawm Cromwell, los ntawm lub hmo ntuj royalists tau tag pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv battlefield tseem dag 4,000 cov tub rog, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab twb yog tej. Cov tub rog parliamentarians poob xwb 300 cov tub rog.
Lub yeej ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe tub rog los ntawm Marson-Moore yog thawj tseem ceeb yeej ntawm lub rebels. Mastering York tso cai rau parliamentarians los saib xyuas tag nrho North. Cromwell lub cavalry muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv kev xyaum lub superiority ntawm ib tug tshiab nres tactics nyob rau hauv lub zoo ibyam. Furious, None Rupert hais tias Oliver Cromwell, "tej zaum Ironsides, lub sij hawm yuav peb yeej" (tsis muaj nom kabke ntawm nqe lus).
Oliver Cromwell: Lieutenant-General ntawm lub parliamentary pab tub rog
Pom hais tias nws Cromwell general txawj ua rau nws commander ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog detachments Parliament. Nws tam sim ntawd pib lub tsim ntawm cov tub rog ntawm tus qauv tshiab, cov piv txwv ntawm nws "Ironsides" caij. Lub absolutist hais tau txais tub ceev xwm ibyam nyob ntawm lawv lub hierarchy nyob rau hauv zej zog. Tus tshiab tub rog, txoj cai no twb abolished. Senior txaus yog muaj los ntawm cov neeg uas muaj lub siab lawv txawj nyob rau hauv xyaum. Qhov no tau pab mus rau cohesion thiab kev sib sau ntawm cov tub rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov transformations raug pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg. Liaj ua teb thiab me me tswv tsev steel loj uas txuas mus rau MPS.
Tshiab qauv pab tub rog
Peb cov lus armies yog dealt nrog ib lub zuj zus thiab ncaj qha subordinate tsuas warlords, lawv tau raug hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug, numbering 22 txhiab tus neeg. cai ntawm kev qhuab qhia ua txhaum ntawm cov uas tau ntaus nqi mus rau txawv nplua tau yuam. Lub morale ntawm cov tub rog kev txhawb los ntawm cov txiv plig. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb tuaj nyob rau lub battlefield, muab rau tus dub robes. Kev cai dab qhuas kev kawm fighters nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Puritanism, Cromwell txuas tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb.
Nyob rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sab hnub tuaj lub tebchaws, uas yog muab kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog, hais tias lub cev tsis mus ntxiv los pab txhawb. Cov tub rog reorganization yuav txo cov nyiaj txiag nqi. Nws kev cai raus dej ntawm tus tshiab parliament cov tub rog tau txais nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nesbit, yeej ib landslide kov yeej lub "gentlemen."
Cromwell lub reign
Tom qab qhov kawg kov yeej lub Cavaliers parliamentarians twb tau tsim kom muaj lawv txoj cai. Oliver Cromwell coj lub teb chaws. Tswv Protector (Cromwell title) tsim authoritarian dictatorship thiab "hlau" kev txiav txim. Nws tso siab rau kev them nyiaj yug ntawm nws cov tub rog comrades, uas tom qab tsov rog twb nyob tseem ceeb managerial txaus. Cov txiv neej twb muaj tseeb Cromwell thiab unconditionally ua kom tiav tag nrho nws cov kev txiav txim. Tsis kam yuav lub npe ntawm King, Cromwell yeej paub tseeb hais tias cov Republican raws li txoj cai ntawm ces.
taxation system twb kho. Tag nrho cov ntsiab txoj kev (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog khoom txoj kev) yog kiag li tej tshuaj los ntawm cov tub rog. Thaum lub sij hawm no pib lub uprising nyob rau hauv Scotland thiab Ireland. Cromwell tus kheej coj ib pab tub rog mus suppress lawv. Tom qab es kev txiav txim, nws rov qab los txoj cai ntawm Parliament thiab lub tsev ntawm Lords. Tag nrho cov vajntxwv lub UFW tau ua phem thiab kev tsim txom. Thaum Lords uas txaus siab rau Royalists nyob rau hauv lub Civil War, seized vaj tse tsim nyog rau kho kom zoo. Cov kev nqis tes ua raug txais tos Calvinists thiab cov neeg.
Txoj kev tuag thiab cim rau keeb kwm
Oliver Cromwell tuag rau lub Cuaj hlis 13, 1658. Yog vim li cas twb supposedly lom (ib co historians ntseeg hais tias tus Tswv Protector tuag ntawm malaria). Lub ntees tuag ntawm lub "hlau" Oliver yog nqaij. Tab sis tom qab lawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws pib nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv. Tag nrho cov tshaj ces, ib nthwv dej ntawm teeb meem no thiab chaos. Parliament tau yuam kom caw Charles II, tus tub ntawm tua huab tais nyob rau lub zwm txwv. Tom qab crowning Karl kom tswj Cromwell lub cev khwb, thiab ces txiav mus rau hauv 4 qhov chaw. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub peasants raug txwv tsis pub txawm yuav tso lub npe "Oliver Cromwell". Biography Tswv muaj rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub censorship.
Cromwell mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li ib tug naas ej tub rog thawj coj thiab reformer. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign nws yog heev nrov ntawm cov neeg. Nws txoj cai yog ib tug prime piv txwv ntawm Calvinism thiab kev tswj hwm. Lub kho ua Tswv Protector, yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm lub overthrow ntawm feudalism. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob funerary daim npog qhov ncauj, uas tau muab nws faus Oliver Cromwell. Photo tshawb pom hauv qab no. Thaum kawg, nws raug faus xwb nyob rau hauv 1960 nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm ib qho ntawm cov Cambridge kawm ntawv qib siab.
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