Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw. Tswv yim siv ntawm phosphorus tebchaw

Ntawm cov as-ham tsim nyog los faib ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nws yog phosphorus. Vim hais tias nws yuav tsis ua ib ke tsis xws tseem ceeb heev tebchaw, xws li ATP los yog phospholipids li no ntau lwm yam organic tshuaj. Wherein lub inorganic thiab no yog nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv txawv molecules. Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog lug siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov neeg muaj feem nyob rau hauv lom dab, yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog li cas yuav muab lub caij, dab tsi yog nws yooj yim tshuaj thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb sib txuas.

Phosphorus: ib tug general hauj lwm ntawm lub caij

Txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv ob peb zaj lus.

1. Lub tsib pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg.
2. Ib tug thib peb me me sij hawm.
3. Serial tooj - 15.
4. Atomic loj - 30,974.
5. E configuration 1s atom ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{2 3.}
6. Tau oxidation lub xeev ntawm -3 mus +5.
7. Cov tshuaj cim - P nyob rau hauv cov qauv hais "pe". Lub npe ntawm lub caij - phosphorus. Cov Latin lub npe ntawm Phosphorus.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov atom muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub deb XII caug xyoo. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub alchemists tau ntsib ntaub ntawv, sib tham txog tau txais ib tug tsis paub "luminous" teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, cov hauj lwm hnub ntawm lub foundations thiab synthesis ntawm phosphorus pib nyob rau hauv 1669. Tsis muaj nyiaj yuav khoom Hom lag luam nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov philosopher lub pob zeb cia li tsim lub yeeb tshuaj, uas yuav emit ib tug kaj glow thiab hlawv blinding nplaim taws. Nws ua li no los ntawm rov calcination tib neeg cov zis.

Tom qab nws tus kheej hais txog cov tib txoj kev lwm active caij tau txais:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Niaj hnub no, ib qho ntawm feem nrov txoj kev synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - lub restoration ntawm cov coj phosphorus-muaj minerals nyob rau high school kub nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab silica. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb ncu. Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog qho tseem ceeb heev tshuaj rau cov nyob quavntsej zoo li ib tug ntau yam ntawm syntheses nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog dab tsi yog qhov active caij raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj thiab qhov chaw uas nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj phosphorus

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau lub npe tej qho kev twb kev txuas, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phosphorus. Qhov no yog vim lub loj tus naj npawb ntawm allotropic kev hloov kho uas muaj no. Muaj plaub hom yooj yim tshuaj ntawm phosphorus.

1. Dawb. Qhov no compound uas nws mis R _4. Nws yog ib tug dawb, ib lub volatile tshuaj muaj ib tug ntse tsis kaj siab tsw ntawm qej. Nws ignites nthawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm ib txwm kub. Burns luminous daj ntseg ntsuab. Heev tshuaj lom thiab txaus ntshai rau lub neej. Tsis tshua muaj neeg siab reactivity, ces nws twb npaj thiab muab nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm lim dej. Qhov no yog tau vim cov neeg pluag solubility nyob rau hauv ncov qaumteb qabteb kuab tshuaj. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov no haum disulfide dawb phosphorus thiab organic teeb meem. Thaum rhuab, nws yuav pauv mus rau nram qab no allotropic ntaub ntawv - liab phosphorus. Thaum cua txias thiab condensing lub vapor yog tau tsim khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Ntawm qhov kov ntawm greasy, mos mos, ib qho yooj yim tej riam, dawb (me ntsis daj). Lub melting point ntawm 44 ⁰ C. Vim reactivity yog siv nyob rau hauv lub synthesis. Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub toxicity muaj ntau industrial daim ntawv thov.
2. Daj. Qhov no yog phem lim daim ntawv ntawm cov dawb phosphorus. Nws yog txawm muaj kuab lom ntau, raws li tsis kaj siab ntxhiab tsw ntawm qej. Ignites thiab kub yus nrog ib tug kaj nplaim glowing ntsuab. Cov daj los yog xim av muaju tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej kiag li, kom oxidation clubs emit dawb pa luam yeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg P ₄ O _10.
3. Liab phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog feem ntau thiab feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam ntawm modifying neeg sawv cev. Liab pasty loj, uas yog nyob rau ntawm ib kom siab yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm violet muaju yog sib tsaug zog. Qhov no polymer muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm dissolving xwb nyob rau hauv ib co co thiab ntau tshaj txhua yam. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 250 ⁰ C yog sublimated los dua ib tug dawb kev hloov kho. Cov mob toxic ntau li ntau raws li lub yav dhau los daim ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nrog heev raug ntawm lub cev zoo. Nws yog siv mus thov ib tug txheej on lub ignition matchboxes. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws yuav tsis zes nthawv, tab sis thaum denotation thiab tsis sib haum xeeb tawg (zes).
4. Dub. Raws li rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau graphite, nws kuj yog ib tug bold kov. Qhov no semiconductor hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tsaus muaju, ci iab, yog tsis tau ua neej nyob hauv tej kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov. Hais tias nws teeb, koj yuav tsum heev high kub thiab pre raskalivanie.

li ntawd, kuj tsis yog xav nyob rau hauv ntev-qhib daim ntawv ntawm phosphorus - cov hlau. Nws yog ib tug neeg xyuas pib thiab muaj ib tug nyhav siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo.

tshuaj zog

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nyob rau. Raws li hais saum toj no, feem ntau active daj thiab dawb kev hloov kho. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub phosphorus muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog:

• co txoj kev phosphides thiab acting li cov oxidant;
• uas tsis yog-hlau, sawv raws li ib tug txo neeg saib xyuas thiab tsim volatile thiab uas tsis yog-volatile sib txuas ntawm ib tug txawv tsi;
• muaj zog oxidants dua mus rau hauv phosphoric acid ;
• nrog concentrated caustic alkali los ntawm disproportionation hom;
• nrog dej nyob rau ntawm lub kub kub;
• nrog rau oxygen mus rau daim ntawv ntau yam oxides.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm phosphorus zoo li cov ntawm nitrogen. vim hais tias nws yog ib feem ntawm ib pab pawg neeg pniktogenov. Txawm li cas los, cov kev ua ntawm ob peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau dua, ua tsaug rau ntau yam ntawm allotropic kho.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Raws li cov as-ham, phosphorus yog ib tug heev heev. Nws feem pua yog 0,09% nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab. Qhov no yog ib tug ncaj loj daim duab. Qhov twg nrhiav tau no atom nyob rau hauv cov xwm? Muaj ntau ntau lub ntsiab qhov chaw:

• ntsuab ntawm cov nroj tsuag, lawv cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
• tsiaj ntaub so ntswg (nqaij, pob txha, hniav enamel, ntau yam tseem ceeb organic tebchaw);
• Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab;
• av;
• pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm;
• hiav txwv dej.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav hais txog lwm cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis tsis yog ib tug yooj yim teeb meem. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog heev kom nquag plias, thiab nws tsis pub nws yuav tsum tau free. Ntawm cov richest minerals phosphorus yog:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorus thiab lwm yam.

Lub lom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no tsis tau overemphasized. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib feem ntawm lub tebchaw xws li:

• proteins;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• enzymes.

Hais tias yog, tag nrho cov neeg uas yog tseem ceeb heev thiab hais tias muaj nyob rau tag nrho lub cev tag nrho. Txhua hnub norm rau tej tib neeg laus uas hais txog 2 grams.

Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw

Raws li ib tug heev active, active caij tas ib plurality ntawm txawv tshuaj. Tom qab tag nrho nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab phosphide, thiab nws tus kheej uas ua li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev. Vim hais tias ntawm no nws yuav tsis yog yuav hu ua lub caij uas yuav inert nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws. Thiab yog li ntawd lub tebchaw ntawm mis phosphorus tsis tshua muaj neeg. Ib tug yuav pabneeg ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm uas nws yog ib tug active neeg.

1. Binary tebchaw - oxides, phosphides, hydrogen volatile compound, sulfide, nitride, thiab lwm tus neeg. Piv txwv li: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, PH _3, thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Complex tshuaj: ntsev ntawm tag nrho cov hom (nruab nrab, acidic, yooj yim, muab ob npaug rau, complex), acids. Piv txwv li: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ thiab lwm tus neeg.
3. Pa-muaj organic tebchaw: cov nqaijrog, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Feem ntau cov hom ntawm tshuaj pom tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb muaj thiab lom tseem ceeb. Cov kev siv ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw thiab tejzaum rau kev kho mob hom phiaj thiab rau zus tau tej cov heev zoo tib yam khoom hauv tsev.

Tebchaw nrog co

Binary tebchaw ntawm phosphorus nrog lub co thiab nonmetals yog tsawg electronegative title phosphides. Qhov no ntsev zoo li cov tshuaj uas muaj huab instability thaum raug rau ntau yam tshuaj mas siv. Ceev ceev decomposition (hydrolysis) tau nyob rau hauv txawm zoo tib yam dej.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm unconcentrated acid tshwm sim raws li disintegration neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub sib nug xov cov khoom. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb tham txog cov hydrolysis ntawm calcium phosphide, cov khoom yuav ua hlau hydroxide thiab phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Ib tug phosphide raug lead lom degradable nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug mineral acid, peb tau sib nug xov ntsev thiab lub phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub nqi ntawm cov kev kawm sib txuas raws li lub sij hawm uas lub hydrogen tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug phosphorus compound, uas nws khoom no los sib tham hauv qab no.

Volatiles phosphorus-raws li

Muaj ob lub ntsiab yog:

• dawb phosphorus;
• phosphine.

Rau hauv av peb twb hais saum toj no, thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus tsav. Lawv hais tias nws yog ib tug dawb tuab haus luam yeeb, muaj kuab taug heev, tsw thiab nws tus kheej-igniting nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob.

Tab sis li cas yog phosphine? Qhov no yog lub feem ntau ntau thiab paub volatile tshuaj, uas muaj xws li lub caij nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas. Nws yog binary, thiab lub thib ob tug neeg - hydrogen. Formula hydrogen phosphorus tebchaw - PH _3, lub npe ntawm tus phosphine.

Cov khoom ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm yuav piav raws li nram no.

1. Ya tsis muaj kob roj.
2. Heev lom.
3. Nws muaj tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm lwj ntses.
4. Txij li thaum dej tsis hnov mob heev tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv nws. Nws yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS.
5. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, sib heev kom nquag plias.
6. Nws ignites nthawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.
7. Tsim los ntawm cov decomposition ntawm hlau phosphide.

Lwm lub npe - PHOSPHAN. Nws yog txuam nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm cov feem ntau ancient. Cov tag nrho taw tes ntawm "wandering hluav taws kub" uas tej zaum cov neeg pom thiab saib tam sim no cemeteries, swamps. Kheej kheej los yog svechepodobnye teeb uas yuav tshwm sim ntawm no thiab muaj, tsim ib tug hneev taw ntawm lub zog, xam tau tias yog ib tug phem npog, thiab lawv ntshai kawg ntawm superstitious neeg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tshwm sim, raws li tam sim no views ntawm tej zaum, yuav pom tau tias nws tus kheej-tiv cav tseb ntawm phosphine uas yog lawm ua los ntawm cov decomposition ntawm cov organic seem, ob qho tib si nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj. Cov pa roj los thiab tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa, lub teeb. Cov xim thiab luaj li cas ntawm cov nplaim taws yuav tsum varied. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, qhov no ci ntsuab teeb.

Obviously, tag nrho cov volatile phosphorus compound - tej yam tshuaj lom, uas yog yooj yim nrhiav tau los ntawm ib tug ntse tsis kaj siab tsw. Qhov no feature yuav pab tiv thaiv kom txhob raug kuab lom thiab tsis kaj lub siab txim.

Lub tebchaw uas tsis-hlau

Yog hais tias phosphorus behaves raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev, nws yog tsim nyog los tham txog binary tebchaw uas tsis-hlau. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, lawv muaj ntau electronegative. Yog li ntawd, muaj ob peb hom ntaub ntawv ntawm no zoo:

• phosphorus thiab leej faj compound - sulphide ntawm phosphorus P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V;
• oxides thiab anhydride;
• bromide thiab iodide, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Science News for KIDS ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw varied, ces nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los txheeb xyuas cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas sawv daws yuav. Hais lus concretely ntawm cov tshuaj uas raug tsim ntawm phosphorus thiab uas tsis yog-hlau, qhov tseem ceeb yog cov oxides thiab chlorides ntawm ntau yam compositions. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj synthesis raws li ib tug dehydrating neeg sawv cev, raws li catalysts, thiab li ntawd.

Yog li, ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau haib dehumidifying txhais tau tias yog siab dua phosphorus oxide - P ₂ O _5. Nws xav attracts cov dej thiaj li hais tias thaum nyob rau hauv ncaj qha kev sib cuag nrog nws muaj ib tug tsausmuag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog nrov accompaniment. Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, lub tshuaj yog ib tug dawb snow-zoo li loj, nyob rau hauv lub sau ua ib pawg xeev ze rau amorphous.

Oxygenated organic tebchaw nrog phosphorus

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias organic Science News for KIDS rau tus xov tooj ntawm cov tebchaw yog nyob deb superior rau inorganic. Qhov no tshwm sim yog piav los ntawm tus muaj peev xwm ntawm isomerism, thiab cov pa roj carbon atoms tsim ntau yam lug saw atoms ceev rau ib leeg. Lawm, muaj yog ib tug txiav txim, piv txwv li kev faib tawm, uas yog kev kawm rau tag nrho cov organic Science News for KIDS. Kawm txawv tebchaw, txawm li cas los, peb xav nyob rau hauv ib tug, ncaj qha mus txog rau lub caij nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Qhov no oxygen-muaj tebchaw thiab phosphorus. Cov muaj xws li:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, thiab lwm leej lwm tus;
• proteins;
• nucleic acids, raws li ntawm phosphoric acid residue yog ib feem ntawm lub nucleotide;
• phospholipids thiab fosfoproteidy;
• enzymes thiab catalysts.

Vid Iona, nyob rau hauv uas lub phosphorus molecules muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tebchaw, lub nram qab no - PO ₄ ^3-, piv txwv li nws yog ib lub acid residue ntawm phosphoric acid. Tus qauv ntawm ib co cov nqaijrog nws nkag mus rau ib tug dawb atom los yog yooj yim ion.

Rau lub qub neej ntawm txhua tus active caij ntawm lub sia thiab organic tebchaw tsim los ntawm lawv yog tsis tshua muaj tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom lawv muaj ib yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tsis muaj protein molecules. Ib tug DNA thiab RNA - lub ntsiab nqa khoom thiab transmitters ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tag nrho cov kev sib txuas yuav tsum tau tam sim no tsis muaj SWB.

Cov kev siv ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub lag luam

Cov kev siv ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub lag luam yuav tsum yus nyob rau hauv ob peb lub ntsiab lus.

1. Siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua qhov yuam kev, nplaum tawg tebchaw, caws nplaum tej tawg hem, ib co roj a, lubricants.
2. Raws li scavenger gases raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua incandescent teeb.
3. Yuav kom tiv thaiv co tiv thaiv corrosion.
4. Nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb raws li ib tug av chiv.
5. Raws li ib tug txhais tau tias rau dej softening.
6. Nyob rau hauv tshuaj syntheses nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntau yam tshuaj.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob yog txo mus koom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tsim kho hniav txha hniav laus thiab pob txha. Kev Koom Tes nyob rau hauv analogous thiab catabolism tshua, raws li zoo raws li lub txij nkawm ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig ntawm buffering hlwb thiab lom kua. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau lub synthesis ntawm DNA, RNA, phospholipids.