Yooj yim teeb meem

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj. Lub ntsiab sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog li, tej yam yooj yim tshuaj muaj xws li atoms ntawm ib lub caij. Lawv (tej yam yooj yim tshuaj) muaju yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau hauv tsev. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los, cia tej yam kev mob tsim nyog los tsim ib co ntawm cov ua muaju.

Nws muaj tsib cov chav kawm ntawv mus rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv uas sib cais los ntawm tej yam yooj yim co, semi-hlau, uas tsis yog-hlau, intermetallic tebchaw thiab halogens (tsis lawm tab). Lawv yuav tsum tau sawv cev los ntawm atomic (Ar, Nws) los yog molecular (O2, H2 O3) roj.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv peb yuav coj ib tug yooj yim tshuaj oxygen. Qhov no muaj xws li molecules muaj ob atoms ntawm cov pa caij. Los yog, piv txwv li, hlau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj muaju tsuas muaj atoms ntawm hlau caij. Keeb kwm xa mus rau raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj ntawm lub caij lub npe, lub atoms ntawm uas yog ib feem ntawm nws. Tus qauv ntawm cov tebchaw yuav ua tau molecular thiab uas tsis yog-molecular.

Sophisticated ntaub ntawv muaj xws li ntau yam hom atoms thiab yuav tsim raws li qhov decomposition ntawm ob (los yog xav paub ntxiv) compound. Piv txwv li, dej nyob rau hauv lub cleavage generates oxygen thiab hydrogen. Yog li tsis yog txhua compound yuav decomposed rau hauv yooj yim tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov hlau sulfide tsim los ntawm cov leej faj thiab hlau atoms, tsis amenable mus cleavage. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua pov thawj tias lub compound yog ib tug complex thiab ua kev atoms muaj xws li, thov rov qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, uas siv cov kev starting Cheebtsam tau hlau sulfide.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev. Niaj hnub no, science paub ntau tshaj plaub puas hom ntawm cov ntsiab.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub complex tshuaj tsuas yuav tsis tau txais los ntawm lwm yam yooj yim tshuaj. Lawv kuj tsis tau tawg mus rau hauv lwm yam sib txuas.

Ib tug tshuaj caij yuav tsim ntau hom ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj. (Piv txwv li, lub caij generates oxygen triatomic ozone, thiab diatomic oxygen thiab carbon muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ua rau pob zeb diamond thiab graphite). Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog hu ua allotropism. Allotropic hloov txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kev tso kawm ntawm muaju los yog molecules nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg lawv tus kheej molecules (atoms) caij. Cov muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau yam hom ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj vim lub atomic qauv uas txiav txim hom tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus, raws li tau zoo raws li nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules thiab muaju.

Tag nrho allotropic hloov muaj lub peev xwm mus dhau txhua lwm yam. Ntau hom kev yooj yim tshuaj tsim ib cov tshuaj lub caij tej zaum yuav muaj ntau lub zog thiab txawv muaj ntau seem ntawm cov tshuaj ua si. Piv txwv li, cov pa exhibits tsawg ozone tshaj, cov kev ua si thiab melting point ntawm lub fullerene, e.g., tsawg tshaj li uas ntawm cov pob zeb diamond.

Nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob rau kaum ib ntsiab yooj yim tshuaj yuav roos gases (Ar, Xe, RN, N, H, Tsis muaj, O, F, Kr, Cl, Nws,), rau ob kua (Br, Hg), thiab rau lwm yam ntsiab - khib nyiab.

Thaum ib tug kub nyob ze rau lub chav tsev, tsib co yuav txais ib cov kua los yog semi-kua hauv lub xeev. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv melting kub yog ze li ntawm sib npaug zos rau chav tsev kub. Yog li, cov tshuaj mercury, rubidium yaj ntawm 39 degrees, francium - ntawm 27, cesium - ntawm 28, thiab gallium ntawm 30 degrees.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntsiab lus uas "tshuaj caij", "atom", "yooj yim tshuaj" yuav tsum tsis txhob tsis meej pem. Yog li, piv txwv li, nws muaj ib tug meej atom, thiab cov kev muaj nuj nqis tiag tiag tshwm sim. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "cov tshuaj lub caij" yog feem ntau paub daws teeb, collective. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lub ntsiab yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dawb atoms los yog sib sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus yam ntxwv ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj (cov sau ua ib pawg hais) thiab tshuaj ntsiab (raug rho tawm atoms ntawm ib tug yam) muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv.